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Aragon - Wikipedia
Aragon - Wikipedia
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1Geography
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1.1Location
1.2Relief
1.2.1Pyrenees
1.2.2Depression of the Ebro
1.2.3Sistema Ibérico
1.3Climate and vegetation
1.4Hydrography
1.5Protected spaces
1.5.1Aiguabarreig Segre-Cinca-Ebro
2History
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2.1Prehistory
2.2Ancient history
2.3Middle Ages
2.4Early Modern Age c. 1500–1789
2.51790–1936
2.61936 to present
3Demographics
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3.1Population
3.2Languages
3.3Territorial division
4Culture
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4.1Cuisine
4.2Research
5Economy
6Government and politics
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6.1Current political organization
6.2Historic
7Media
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7.1Television
7.2Radio
8Sport
9Notable people from Aragon
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9.1Up to the 19th century
9.220th and 21st centuries
10Symbols
11Image gallery
12See also
13Citations
14Bibliography
15External links
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Aragon
129 languages
АдыгэбзэAlemannischአማርኛالعربيةAragonésArpetanAsturianuAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)Bikol CentralБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàCebuanoČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGàidhligGalego客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueИронÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKapampanganКъарачай-малкъарქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekKiswahiliKreyòl ayisyenLadinLadinoLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLimburgsLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLombardMagyarМакедонскиMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa MelayuMirandésМонголNederlands日本語NordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNovialOccitanOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаپنجابیPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaRomânăRuna SimiРусскийSarduScotsSeelterskShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TarandíneТатарча / tatarçaTetunไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوVènetoTiếng Việt文言West-VlamsWinaray吴语粵語Zazaki中文
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Coordinates: 41°00′N 1°00′W / 41.000°N 1.000°W / 41.000; -1.000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Autonomous community of Spain
For other uses, see Aragon (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Argon, Aragorn, or Aragonite.
Autonomous community in SpainAragon
Aragón (Spanish) Aragón (Aragonese) Aragó (Catalan)Autonomous community
FlagCoat of armsAnthem: Himno de Aragón (officially) Unofficial Anthem: "Canto a la libertad"Location of Aragon within SpainCoordinates: 41°00′N 1°00′W / 41.000°N 1.000°W / 41.000; -1.000Country SpainCapitalZaragozaProvincesHuesca, Teruel, and ZaragozaGovernment • PresidentJorge Azcón (PP) • LegislatureCortes of AragonArea(9.4% of Spain; ranked 4th) • Total47,720 km2 (18,420 sq mi)Population (1 January 2021) • Total1,326,261 • Density28/km2 (72/sq mi) • Pop. rank11th • Percent2.82% of SpainDemonymAragoneseGDP[1] • Total€41.762 billion (2022) • Per capita€31,051 (2022)ISO 3166 codeES-AROfficial languagesSpanishRecognised languagesAragonese • Catalan[2]Statute of Autonomy16 August 198218 April 2007 (current version)National day23 AprilParliamentCortes of AragonCongress seats13 (of 350)Senate seats14 (of 265)HDI (2021)0.912[3]very high · 5thWebsiteGobierno de Aragón
Aragon (/ˈærəɡən/ ARR-ə-gən, US also /-ɡɒn, -ɡoʊn/ -gon, -gohn;[4] Spanish and Aragonese: Aragón [aɾaˈɣon] ⓘ; Catalan: Aragó [əɾəˈɣo]) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to south): Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza. The current Statute of Autonomy declares Aragon a historic nationality of Spain.
Covering an area of 47720 km2 (18420 sq mi),[5] the region's terrain ranges diversely from permanent glaciers to verdant valleys, rich pasture lands and orchards, through to the arid steppes of the central lowlands. Aragon is home to many rivers—most notably, the river Ebro, Spain's largest river in volume, which runs west–east across the entire region through the province of Zaragoza. It is also home to the highest mountains of the Pyrenees.
As of January 2021[update], the population of Aragon was 1326261,[6] with slightly over half living in the capital city, Zaragoza. In 2020, the economy of Aragon generated a GDP of €34687 million, which represents 3.1% of Spain's national GDP,[7] and is currently 6th in per capita production behind Madrid, Basque Country, Navarre, Catalonia and La Rioja.[8]
In addition to its three provinces, Aragon is subdivided into 33 comarcas or counties. All comarcas of Aragon have a rich geopolitical and cultural history from its pre-Roman, Celtic and Roman days, four centuries of Islamic rule as Marca Superior of Al-Andalus or kingdom (or taifa) of Saraqusta, as lands that once belonged to the Frankish Marca Hispanica, counties that later formed the Kingdom of Aragon, and eventually the Crown of Aragon.
Geography[edit]
Location[edit]
Hermitage of la Virgen de la Peña in Aniés, La Sotonera, province of Huesca
The area of Aragon is 47720 km2 of which 15636 km2 belong to the province of Huesca, 17275 km2 to the province of Zaragoza and 14810 km2 to the province of Teruel.[5] The total represents a 9.43% of the surface of Spain, being thus the fourth autonomous community in size behind Castile and León, Andalusia, and Castile-La Mancha.
It is located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, at a latitude between 39º and 43º'N in the temperate zone. Its boundaries and borders are in the north with France (the regions of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie), in the west with the autonomous communities of Castile-La Mancha (provinces of Guadalajara and Cuenca), Castile and León (province of Soria), La Rioja and Navarre, and in the east with the autonomous communities of Catalonia (provinces of Lérida and Tarragona) and the Valencian Community (provinces of Castellón and Valencia).
Relief[edit]
The orography of the community has as the central axis the Ebro valley (with heights between 150 and 300 meters approx.) which transits between two foothill areas, the Pyrenean and the Iberian, preambles of two mountain formations, the Pyrenees to the north and the Sistema Ibérico mountain range to the south; the Community has the highest peaks of both mountain ranges, the Aneto and the Moncayo respectively.
Pyrenees[edit]
Aneto peak is the highest point of all Pyrenees. It is located in the Posets–Maladeta Natural Park.
El Turbón, emblematic mountain of Aragon
The Aragonese Pyrenees are located in the north of the province of Huesca and are arranged longitudinally in three large units: High Pyrenees, Internal Depressions and Outer Ranges.
The Aragonese High Pyrenees contains the maximum heights of all the Pyrenees mountainous chain. The High Pyrenees is formed in turn by the axial Pyrenees and the Inland Ranges.
In the axial Pyrenees are the oldest materials: granites, quartzites, slates and limestones and the highest peaks like: the Aneto (3404 m), Maladeta (3309 m) and the Perdiguero (3221 m). The inner Pre-Pyrenees, composed of more modern rocks (limestones) also has large mountains such as Monte Perdido (3355 m), Collarada (2886 m) and Tendeñera (2853 m).
La Besurta trail in the Benasque Pyrenean Valley
Abbey of San Pedro de Siresa, monastic, political and cultural center of the ancient County of Aragon, where Alfonso I was educated. It is located in the Hecho Pyrenean Valley.
The main Pyrenean valleys are formed by the rivers that are born there, which are:
Ansó Valley: Veral river
Hecho Valley: Aragón Subordán river
Canfranc Valley: Aragón river
Tena Valley: Gállego river
Broto Valley: Ara river
Aínsa Valley: Cinca river
Pineta Valley: Cinca river
Gistau Valley: Cinqueta river
Benasque Valley: Ésera river
The intrapirenaic depression is a broad perpendicular corridor. Its best represented section is the Canal de Berdún, which limits on the south with the reliefs of San Juan de la Peña (1552 m) and Oroel Rock (1769 m), modeled on conglomerates of the Campodarbe Formation.
Mallos de Riglos conglomerate rock formations, in Las Peñas de Riglos
The pre-Pyrenean outer ranges are in the Huescan foothills and constitute the southernmost unit of the Pyrenees; formed by predominantly calcareous materials, reach heights between 1500 and 2000 meters. The Sierra de Guara, one of the most important mountain ranges of the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees, stands out; its summit, the Guara Peak, reaches 2077 metres.[9] The Mallos de Riglos, near the town of Ayerbe, stand out for their beauty.
Depression of the Ebro[edit]
The Aragonese central depression includes a wide lowland area, which is also the central part of the Depression of the Ebro. North of the river there is the Sierra de Alcubierre ranges (811 m) one of the typical limestone plateaus of the valley.
The Ebro Valley is a tectonic pit filled with sedimentary materials, accumulated in the Tertiary age in horizontal series. In the center, fine materials such as clays, plasters and limestones were deposited. To the south of the Ebro there are the limestone plateaus of Borja and of Zaragoza.
Sistema Ibérico[edit]
Moncayo Massif seen from Tarazona. Moncayo, with its height of 2314.3 m, is the maximum summit of the Sistema Ibérico mountainous chain.
The Aragonese section of the Sistema Ibérico straddles the provinces of Zaragoza and Teruel. It is a set of hills without a clear structural unit, which can be divided into two zones: Sistema Ibérico del Jalón and Sistema Ibérico turolense. In the first, the Moncayo stands out with 2314 m, formed by Paleozoic quartzites and slates, partly covered by Mesozoic limestones. The second is formed by elevated terrain (from 1000 to 2000 m in general), but flattened and massive. To the southwest of the depression the summits of the Sierra de Albarracín range are reached above 1800 m, southeast the 2000 m are reached in the Sierra de Javalambre range and finally the Sierra de Gúdar range (2024 m) transitions to the Maestrazgo area in the Valencian Community.
Climate and vegetation[edit]
Formigal town in winter
Formigal Ski Resort near Formigal town, Sallent de Gállego
There are two main types of climate in Aragón, the Semi-arid climate and the Oceanic climate. Its irregular orography creates several microclimates throughout the entire community. From the High mountain Alpine climate of the central Pyrenees to the north, with perpetual ice (glaciers), to the Humid subtropical climate (which is very common in Huesca's lower altitude areas) to the steppe or semi-desert zones, such as the Monegros Desert, passing through the intense continental climate of the Teruel-Daroca area and the Mediterranean climate in the southern areas bordering Castilla La Mancha and the Valencian Community.[10]
The main characteristics of the Aragonese climate are:[11]
Rainfall is mostly low, with much of Aragon placed in a bowl of low ground between the Pyrenean mountain range to the north and the Sistema Ibérico mountain range to the south, cut off from maritime air masses. This situation means that the rain falls mainly in the higher areas, and that the temperature range features large contrasts, with cold winters and hot summers, as typical of continental climates.
Monegros site, of arid climate and extreme temperatures
Rainfall is also irregular, as typical of Mediterranean climates, with randomly alternating dry and wet years.
The air currents are often encased in the middle Ebro Valley from northwest to southeast, giving a characteristic wind, the cierzo, which stands out for its intensity and frequency.
Temperatures are very dependent on the altitude. In the Ebro Valley the winters are relatively moderate, although the frosts are very common and the thermal sensation can decrease a lot with the cierzo. Temperatures in summer can exceed 40 °C in the central areas. In mountain areas winters are long and rigorous, average temperatures can be up to 10 °C lower than in the valley.
The two most important winds of Aragon are the cierzo and the bochorno or levant. The first is a cold and dry wind that crosses the Ebro Valley from northwest to southeast and that can become quite strong. The second is a warm wind, more irregular and smooth, coming from the south-east.
The vegetation follows the oscillations of relief and climate. There is a great variety, both in natural vegetation and in crops. In the high areas there are forests (pines, firs, beech trees, oaks), bush and meadows, and in the central Ebro Valley, evergreen oak and juniper are the most common trees.
Hydrography[edit]
The Ebro River runs through Zaragoza.
Most Aragonese rivers are tributaries of the Ebro River, which is the largest river in Spain and divides the community in two. Of the tributaries of the left bank of the river, the ones originating in the Pyrenees, the Aragón River stands out. Its headwaters are in Huesca, but it ends at the community of Navarre, the Gállego and the Cinca, which joins the Segre just before emptying into the Ebro at the height of Mequinenza. On the right bank, the Jalón, Huerva and Guadalope stand out.
In the stream bed of the Ebro river, near the border with Catalonia, the Mequinenza Reservoir, of 1530 hm3 and a length of about 110 km; it is popularly known as the "Sea of Aragon".
The small Pyrenean mountain lakes called ibones merit special mention. These lakes are very scenic, originating during the last glaciation, and are usually found above 2000 m.
The Autonomous Community lies within three hydrographic regions, the Ebro River, the Tagus River (which originates in the Sierra de Albarracín range), and the Júcar, which has as its main river in this community the Turia.
Protected spaces[edit]
Inside Ordesa Valley, of the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
In Aragon, protected natural spaces are managed through the Red Natural de Aragón, an entity created in 2004 to protect all elements with ecological, landscape and cultural value and at the same time coordinate and establish common standards that contribute to their conservation and sustainable use. In this entity are integrated national parks, natural parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves and other protected natural areas that have been declared by the autonomous community, the Ramsar Convention or the Natura 2000.[12]
Within the protected areas is the only national park of Aragon: the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, the second national park created in Spain, in 1918, it is found in the Pyrenees in the comarca of Sobrarbe, occupies an area of 15608 ha, a part of the 19679 ha of the peripheral area of protection. It also enjoys other figures of protection like the Biosphere Reserve of Ordesa-Viñamala and is cataloged as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[13]
In addition there are 4 other natural parks: the Moncayo Natural Park with an extension of 11144 ha, the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park with 47453 ha and 33286 ha of peripheral area of protection, the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park with 33440.6 ha and 5920.2 ha of peripheral area of protection, and the Valles Occidentales Natural Park with 27073 ha and 7335 ha of peripheral area of protection.
There are also three nature reserves, five natural monuments and three protected landscapes.[14]
Aiguabarreig Segre-Cinca-Ebro[edit]
Aerial view of Aiguabarreig in Mequinenza
At the confluence of the Segre and Ebro rivers, the Aiguabarreig Ebro-Segre-Cinca is a space with great natural wealth and a great variety of ecosystems that range from Mediterranean steppes to impenetrable riverside forests, making this space a paradise for biodiversity. Territorially, the Aiguabarreig is at the center of the Middle Depression of the Ebro. It borders to the west with the Monegros, to the east with the Tossals de Montmeneu and Almatret and to the south with the tail of the Ribarroja reservoir. This space is named with Catalan word of origin that designates the place where two or more water streams meet and form one. The Segre and Cinca form a first Aiguabarreig between the towns of La Granja d'Escarp, Massalcoreig and Torrente de Cinca, a few kilometers downstream they converge with the waters of the Ebro, already in the municipality of Mequinenza, forming one of the largest river confluences of the entire Iberian Peninsula.
History[edit]
Main category: History of Aragon
Aragon, occupying the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula has served as a bridge between the Mediterranean Sea, the peninsular center and the coasts of the Cantabrian Sea. The human presence in the lands that today form the autonomous community date back several millennia, but present-day Aragon, like many of the current historical nationalities, was formed during the Middle Ages.
Prehistory[edit]
Paleolithic in Aragon
The oldest testimonies of human life in the lands that today make up Aragon go back to the time of the glaciations, in the Pleistocene, some 600000 years ago. This population left the Acheulean industry that found its best weapons in the hand axes of flint or the cleavers of quartzite.
In the Upper Palaeolithic appeared two new cultures: Solutrean and Magdalenian.
The Epipaleolithic was centered in Lower Aragon, occupying the epoch between the 7th and the 5th millennium.
In the first half of the 5th millennium BCE, Neolithic remains are found in the Huescan Outer Ranges and in Lower Aragon.
The Eneolithic was characterized in the province of Huesca presenting two important megalithic nuclei: the Pre-Pyrenees of the Outer Ranges and the High Pyrenean valleys.
The Late Bronze Age begins in Aragon around 1100 BCE with the arrival of the Urnfield culture. They are Indo-European people, with an alleged origin in Central Europe, who incinerate their dead by placing the ashes in a funeral urn. There are examples in the Cave del Moro of Olvena, the Masada del Ratón in Fraga, Palermo and the Cabezo de Monleón in Caspe.
From the metallurgical point of view there seems to be a boom given the increase in foundry molds that are located in the populations.
The Iron Age is the most important, since throughout the centuries it is the true substratum of the Aragonese historical population.
The arrival of Central Europeans during the Bronze Age by Pyrenees until reaching the Lower Aragon area, supposed an important ethnic contribution that prepared the way to the invasions of Iron Age.
Ancient history[edit]
See also: Hispania
The remains of the Roman walls of Zaragoza
Bust of Augustus found in Tarazona
The Mediterranean contributions represented a commercial activity that will constitute a powerful stimulus for the iron metallurgy, promoting the modernization of the tools and the indigenous armament, replacing the old bronze with the iron. There is presence of Phoenician, Greek and Etruscan products.
In the 6th century BCE there are six groups with different social organization: Vascones, Suessetani, Sedetani, Iacetani, Ilergetes and Citerior Celtiberians.
They are Iberized groups with a tendency towards stability, fixing their habitat in durable populations, with dwellings that evolve towards more enduring and stable models. There are many examples in Aragon, among them Cabezo de Monleón in Caspe, Puntal of Fraga, Roquizal del Rullo or Loma de los Brunos.
The type of social organization was based on the family group, consisting of four generations. Self-sufficient societies in which the greater part of the population was dedicated to agricultural and livestock activities. In the Iberian scope the power was monarchical, exercised by a king; there was a democratic assembly with participation of the male population.
There were visible social differentiations and established legal-political statutes.
The Romans arrived and progressed easily into the interior.
In the territorial distribution that Rome made of Hispania, the current Aragon was included in the Hispania Citerior. In the year 197 BCE, Sempronius Tuditanus is the praetor of the Citerior and had to face a general uprising in their territories that ended with the Roman defeat and the own death of Tuditanus. In view of these facts the Senate sent the consul Marcus Porcius Cato with an army of 60000 men. The indigenous peoples of the area were rebelling, except for the Ilergetes who negotiated peace with Cato.
There were different uprisings of the Iberian peoples against the Romans, in 194 BCE sees a general uprising with elimination of half of the Roman army, in 188 BCE Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus, praetor of the Citerior, must confront in Calagurris (Calahorra) with the Celtiberians, in the 184 BCE Terentius Varro did it with the Suessetani, to those who took the capital, Corbio.
In the 1st century BCE Aragon was the scene of the civil war to seize the power of Rome where the governor Quintus Sertorius made Osca (Huesca) the capital of all the territories controlled by them.
Denarius silver from Huesca
Already in the 1st century BCE, the today Aragonese territory became part of the province Tarraconensis and there was the definitive romanization of it creating roads and consolidating ancient Celtiberian and Iberian cities such as Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), Turiaso (Tarazona), Osca (Huesca) or Bilbilis (Calatayud).
In the middle of the 3rd century the decay of the Roman Empire began. Between the years 264 and 266 the Franks and the Alemanni, two Germanic peoples who passed through the Pyrenees and came to Tarazona, which they sacked. In the agony of the Empire groups of bandits emerged who were dedicated to pillage. The Ebro Valley was ravaged in the 5th century by several gangs of evildoers called Bagaudae.
Middle Ages[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Aragon and Crown of Aragon
Castle of Fantova, 10th century Christian fortification, (La Puebla de Fantova, Graus)
The Aljafería, of the 11th century, was residence of the Banu Hud kings of the Taifa of Saraqusta.
After the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, the current area of Aragon was occupied by the Visigoths, forming the Visigothic Kingdom.
In the year 714 muslims from North Africa conquered the central area of Aragon, converting to Islam the ancient Roman cities such as Saraqusta (Zaragoza) or Wasqa (Huesca). It was at this time that an important Muwallad family arose, the Banu Qasi (بنو قاسي), their domains were located in the Ebro Valley between the 8th and 10th centuries.
After the disappearance of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the beginning of the 11th century, the Taifa of Zaragoza arose, one of the most important Taifas of Al-Andalus, leaving a great artistic, cultural and philosophical legacy.
The name of Aragon is documented for the first time during the Early Middle Ages in the year 828, when the small County of Aragon of Frankish origin, would emerge between the rivers that bear its name, the Aragón river, and its brother the Aragón Subordán river.
Castle of Loarre was built and expanded to serve as a frontier advance towards Muslim territories. It is one of the most important intact Romanesque castles in Europe.
Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña. In its Royal Pantheon a good number of kings of Aragon and some kings of Navarre are buried.
That County of Aragon would be linked to the Kingdom of Pamplona until 1035, and under its wing it would grow to form a dowry of García Sánchez III of Pamplona until the death of the king Sancho "the Great", in a period characterized by Muslim hegemony over almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of Ramiro I of Aragon the borders would be extended following the annexation of the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza (year 1044), after having incorporated the populations of the historical comarca of Cinco Villas.
In 1076, on the death of Sancho IV of Pamplona, Aragon incorporated part of the Navarrese kingdom into its territories while Castile did the same with the western area of the former domains of Sancho "the Great". During the reigns of Sancho Ramírez and Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona, the kingdom extended its borders to the south, established threatening fortresses in the capital of Zaragoza in El Castellar and Juslibol and took Huesca, which became the new capital.
The reign of Alfonso I of Aragon saw the conquering of the lowlands of the middle Ebro Valley for Aragon: Ejea de los Caballeros, Valtierra, Calatayud, Tudela and Zaragoza, the capital of the Taifa of Saraqusta. Upon his death the nobles would choose his brother Ramiro II of Aragon, who left his religious life to assume the royal scepter and perpetuate the dynasty, which he achieved with the dynastic union of the House of Aragon with the owner of the County of Barcelona in 1137, year in which the union of both patrimonies would give rise to the Crown of Aragon and would add the forces that would make the conquests of the Kingdom of Majorca and the Kingdom of Valencia possible. The Crown of Aragon would become the hegemonic power of the Mediterranean, controlling territories as important as Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia or Naples.
The monarch was known as King of Aragon and also held the titles of King of Valencia, King of Majorca (for a time), Count of Barcelona, Lord of Montpellier, and (temporarily) Duke of Athens and Neopatria. Each of these titles gave him sovereignty over the specific region, and the titles changed as territories were lost and won.
According to Aragonese law, the monarch had to swear allegiance to the kingdom's laws before being accepted as king. Like other Pyrenean and Basque realms, the Aragonese justice and decision-making system was based on Pyrenean consuetudinary law, the King was considered primus inter pares ('first among equals') within the nobility. A nobleman with the title "Chustizia d'Aragón"[15] acted as ombudsman and was responsible for ensuring that the King obeyed the Aragonese laws. An old saying goes, "en Aragón antes de Rey hubo Ley" ("in Aragon Law came before King"), similar to the saying in Navarre, "antes fueron Leyes que Reyes", with much the same meaning.
The subsequent legend made the Aragonese monarchy eligible and created a phrase for the coronation of the king that would be perpetuated for centuries:
We, who are worth as much as you we make you our King and Lord, as long as you keep our fueros and liberties, and if not, not.— The Chustizia d'Aragón
The Crown of Aragon in the middle of the 15th century
This situation would be repeated in the Commitment of Caspe (1412), which avoids a war that had dismembered the Crown of Aragon when a good handful of aspirants to the throne emerged after the death of Martin of Aragon a year after the death of his first-born, Martin I of Sicily. Ferdinand I of Aragon is the chosen one, of the Castilian House of Trastámara, but also directly connected with the Aragonese king Peter IV of Aragon, through his mother Eleanor of Aragon.
Aragon was already a large-scale political entity: the Crown, the Cortes, the Deputation of the Kingdom and the Foral Law constituted its nature and its character. The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon with Isabella I of Castile, celebrated in 1469 in Valladolid, derived later in the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, creating the basis of the Modern State.
Early Modern Age c. 1500–1789[edit]
The Early Modern Age was marked by increasing tension between the power of the Spanish Monarchy and those of the regions. The appointment of a Castilian as Viceroy in 1590, contrary to the agreement all Royal officials be Aragonese caused widespread unrest; when the Madrid authorities attempted to arrest the Aragonese writer and politician Antonio Perez in May 1591, it caused street violence in Zaragossa and a revolt known as the Alterations of Aragon.[16] The unrest was largely confined to Zaragossa and quickly suppressed, with Perez going into exile. Philip then ordered a reduction in the proportion of taxes retained by the Generality of Aragon to lessen their capacity to raise an army against him.[17]
Aragonia Regnum, map of the Blaeu based on that of João Baptista Lavanha published circa 1640
The decay of independent institutions meant political activity focused instead on the preservation of Aragonese history, culture and art. The Archive of the Kingdom of Aragon preserved legal documents and records from the Justiciar and the Palace of Deputation or Parliament, largely destroyed by the French in the battles of 1809. Debates on the causes of the 1590/91 revolt became a contest between opposing views of history that arguably persist in modern Spain.
The new emphasis on Aragonese history led to the creation of the position of Chronicler or Historian of Aragon; its holders included Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, the De Argensola brothers, Bartolomé and Lupercio, Juan Costa and Jerónimo Martel. Much of the work produced by Aragonese writers challenged Philip II's version of events and were censored by the central government. In retaliation, the Generality of Aragon ordered the work of Castilian historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas to be burned and commissioned Vicencio Blasco de Lanuza to write an alternative. His 'History of Aragon' was published in two volumes, 1616 and 1619 respectively; the urgency shows the importance placed on responding to Herrera. Other works commissioned at this time for the same purpose include a History of the Aragonese Deputation by Lorenzo Ibáñez de Aoiz and a detailed cartography of the Kingdom of Aragon by João Baptista Lavanha.
In 1590/91, the Spanish monarchy was at the height of its strength but during the 17th century Spanish power declined for a number of reasons.[18] Famine, disease and almost continuous warfare, largely in the Spanish Netherlands drained money, energy and men and weakened the economy; it is estimated the population of Spain fell nearly 25% between 1600 and 1700.
War and economic decline inevitably led to increases in taxes, with predictable results; the refusal of the Catalan Cortes to contribute their share of the 1626 Union of Arms eventually led to a full-scale revolt in 1640.[19] While Aragon itself remained relatively peaceful, it had to be treated with care by the Madrid government; during the reign of Charles II from 1665 to 1700, it provided his half-brother John of Austria with a power base in his battle for control of government with the Queen Regent Mariana of Austria.
During the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and Majorca supported the Austrian claimant Charles. The victory of Philip V accelerated the trend towards greater centralisation; the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707 abolished the fueros and Aragonese political structures with their powers transferred to the Deputation of the Kingdom in Madrid; Aragon and Valencia were brought into the system in 1712, Catalonia and Majorca following in 1767.[20]
1790–1936[edit]
1820 Emblem of the Political Government of Aragon under the Liberal Triennium (1820)
The French invasion of 1808 that made Joseph Bonaparte King led to the outbreak of the Guerra de la Independencia Española or War of Independence in May. Zaragoza was largely destroyed in February 1809 during the Second Siege of Zaragoza, bringing a halt to its economic development. The 1812 Constitution proposed a number of reforms, including the creation of provincial territories and dividing Aragon into the four provinces of Calatayud, Teruel, Soria and Guadalajara. However, these reforms were delayed by Ferdinand VII's refusal to accept the constitution and finally implemented in 1822 during the 1820–23 Trienio Liberal. When Ferdinand was restored by French Bourbon forces in 1823, he abolished the Constitution along with the provincial reforms. When he died in 1833, the provincial division of 1833 divided Aragon into its current three provinces.
French troops storming the Abbey of Santa Engracia, February 1809, painted by Lejeune
Throughout the 19th century, Aragon was a stronghold of the Carlists, who offered to restore the fueros and other rights associated with the former Kingdom of Aragon. This period saw a massive exodus from the countryside into the larger cities of Aragon such as Huesca, Zaragoza, Teruel or Calatayud and other nearby regions, such as Catalonia or Madrid.
The history of Aragon in the first half of the 20th century was similar to that of the rest of Spain; the building of infrastructure and reforms made by Miguel Primo de Rivera led to a brief economic boom, with new civil and individual liberties during the Second Spanish Republic. In June 1936, a draft Statute of Autonomy of Aragon was presented to the Cortes Generales but the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War prevented the development of this autonomist project.
1936 to present[edit]
During the 1936–1939 civil war, Aragon was divided between the two sides. The Eastern Area which was closer to Catalonia was run by the Republican Regional Defence Council of Aragon, while the larger Western Area was controlled by the Nationalists. Some of the most important battles were fought in or near Aragon, including Belchite, Teruel and Ebro. After the defeat of the Republic in April 1939, Aragon and the rest of Spain was governed by the Francoist dictatorship.
Belchite town, destroyed during the Battle of Belchite, became a symbol of the Spanish Civil War.
Especially during the 1960s, there were large migrations, with a depopulation of the rural areas, towards the industrial areas like the provincial capitals, other areas of Spain, and other European countries. In 1964, one of the so-called Development Poles was created in Zaragoza.
In the 1970s, the old town of Mequinenza was demolished almost completely due to the construction of the Ribarroja reservoir. The inhabitants of Mequinenza had to leave their homes to move to the new town on the banks of the River Segre. Some left for more industrial areas such as Barcelona or Zaragoza or even abroad to continue working in mining industries. By the end of 1974 all of the population had already abandoned the Old Town of Mequinenza and was living in the new town.
In the 1970s a period of transition as in the rest of the country was experienced, after the extinction of the previous regime, with the recovery of democratic normality and the creation of a new constitutional framework.
It began to demand an own political autonomy, for the Aragonese historical territory; sentiment that was reflected in the historic manifestation of April 23, 1978 that brought together more than 100000 aragoneses through the streets of Zaragoza.
Not having plebiscited, in the past, affirmatively a draft Statute of autonomy (second transitory provision of the constitution) and not making use of the difficult access to autonomy by Article 151 whose aggravated procedure required, apart from the initiative of the process autonomic follow the steps of article 143, which was ratified by three quarters of the municipalities of each of the affected provinces that represent at least the majority of the electoral census, and that this initiative was approved by referendum by the affirmative vote of the majority absolute of the electors of each province, Aragon acceded to the self-government by the slow way of article 143 obtaining lower competence top, and less self-management of resources, during more than 20 years.
On August 10, 1982, Aragon's autonomy statute was approved by the Cortes Generales, signed by the then president of the Government, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, and sanctioned by His Majesty Juan Carlos I of Spain.
On May 7, 1992, a Special Commission of the Aragonese Corts, elaborated a reformed text that was approved by the Aragonese Corts and by the Spanish Cortes. Again, a small statutory reform in the year 1996 extended the competence framework, forcing a definitive comprehensive review for several years, a new statutory text was approved in 2007, by majority but without reaching total unanimity.
In the 1990s the Aragonese society increases a significant qualitative step in the quality of life due to the economic progress of the State at all levels.
At the beginning of the 21st century, a significant increase in infrastructures was established, such as the arrival of the High Speed Train (AVE), the construction of the new dual carriageway Somport-Sagunto and the promotion of the two airports in the Autonomous Community, Zaragoza and Huesca-Pirineos. At the same time, large technological projects are being undertaken, such as the Walqa Technology Park and the implementation of a telematic network throughout the community.
General view of the Expo 2008 from the Torre del Agua
In 2007 the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon was reformed again -which was approved by a broad consensus in the Aragonese Corts, having the support of the PSOE, the PP, the PAR and the IU, whereas CHA abstained- granting the Autonomous Community the recognition of historical nationality (since the Organic Law of 1996 reform of the statute, it had the condition of nationality[21]), includes a new title on the Administration of Chustizia and another on the rights and duties of the Aragoneses and guiding principles of public policies, the possibility of creating an own tax agency in collaboration with that of the State, and also the obligation to public authorities to ensure to avoid transfers from watersheds such as transfer of the Ebro, among many other modifications of the Statute of Autonomy.
The designation of Zaragoza as the venue for the 2008 International Exhibition, whose thematic axis was Water and Sustainable development, represented a series of changes and accelerated growth for the autonomous community. In addition, two anniversaries were celebrated that same year, the bicentennial of Sieges of Zaragoza of the War of Independence against the Napoleonic invasion, occurred in 1808 and the centenary of the Hispano-French Exposition of 1908 that it supposed as a modern event, to demonstrate the cultural and economic thrust of Aragon and at the same time serve to strengthen ties and staunch wounds with the French neighbors after the events of the Napoleonic Wars of the previous century.
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
Historical populationYearPop.±%1787623,055— 1857880,643+41.3%1900912,711+3.6%1910952,743+4.4%1920997,154+4.7%19301,031,559+3.5%19401,058,806+2.6%19501,094,002+3.3%19601,105,498+1.1%19701,152,708+4.3%19811,213,099+5.2%19911,221,546+0.7%20011,204,215−1.4%20111,344,509+11.7%20211,331,938−0.9%Source: INE
As of 2015[update], half of Aragon's population, 50.45%, live in the capital city of Zaragoza. Huesca is the only other city in the region with a population greater than 50000.
The majority of Aragonese citizens, 71.8%, live in the province of Zaragoza. 17.1% live in the province of Huesca, and 11.1% in the province of Teruel.[22] The population density of the region is the second lowest in Spain after Castilla-La Mancha: only 26.8/km2. The most densely populated areas are around the valley of the river Ebro, particularly around Zaragoza, and in the Pyrenean foothills, while the areas with the fewest inhabitants tend to be those that are higher up in the Pyrenean mountains, and in most of the southern province of Teruel.
Only four cities have a population of more than 20000: Zaragoza 700000, Huesca 50000, Teruel 35000, and Calatayud 20000.
Languages[edit]
Distribution of local languages in Aragon. Red: Aragonese, purple: Catalan, yellow: Spanish. Spanish is spoken in all of Aragon, and is the only official language.
Spanish is the native language in most of Aragon, and it is the only official language, understood and spoken by virtually everyone in the region. In addition to it, the Aragonese language continues to be spoken in several local varieties in the mountainous northern counties of the Pyrenees, particularly in western Ribagorza, Sobrarbe, Jacetania and Somontano; it is enjoying a resurgence of popularity as a tool for regional identity. In the easternmost areas of Aragon, along the border with Catalonia, varieties of the Catalan language are spoken, including the comarcas of eastern Ribagorza, La Litera, Bajo Cinca, Bajo Aragón-Caspe, Bajo Aragón and Matarraña. The strip-shaped Catalan-speaking area in Aragon is often called La Franja.
The Declaration of Mequinenza (Declaració de Mequinensa in Catalan) was a document signed on February 1, 1984, in Mequinenza by the mayors of 17 municipalities of the Aragonese Catalan-speaking area together with José Bada Paniello (Minister of Culture of Government of Aragon at the time). Following the declaration, and complying with one of the proposals contained therein, on October 1, 1985, an agreement between the Government of Aragon and the Ministry of Education and Science was implemented for the teaching of the Catalan language as a voluntary and assessable subject in schools in the area.
The Languages Acts of Aragon of 2009 and 2013 have been passed to try to regulate the languages in this autonomous community. An update of these laws was announced but as of 2019 it has not been carried out.
Territorial division[edit]
Aragon is divided into three provinces from north to south, named after their capitals: Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel. The provinces are further divided into 33 comarcas, three of which are in more than one province. There are a total of 732 municipalities in the region.
Culture[edit]
See also: Music of Aragon
The Fragatina costume historical of Fraga
Some medieval monuments of Teruel and Zaragoza are protected by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Sites Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.
The traditional dance of Aragon is known as jota and is one of the faster Spanish dances. It is also the most widespread in Aragon and the exact style and music depend on the area.
There are other less popular dances named "paloteaos" similar to the sword/stick dances of other regions.
The music to one local dance, "The Dance of Majordomos" of Benasque, was so enjoyed by Rafael del Riego on a visit to the town that he ordered it to be copied resulting in the "Hymn of Riego".
Typical Aragonese instruments include the stringed drum or "Chicotén", bagpipes such as the "gaita de boto", oboes such as the "Dulzaina", and small flutes like the "Chiflo". Some instruments have been lost, such as the "trompa de Ribagorza", although there have been efforts to reconstruct them. In contrast to other Pyrenean regions, the "Chicotén" and "Chiflo" never have stopped being played.[23]
The Carnival of Bielsa[24] (Huesca) has ancient origins and includes a group of men carrying long sticks, wearing skirts, cowbells and boucard/goat-like horns and skins with black-painted faces called "Trangas" symbolising "virility" who surround another man wearing skins playing the part of a bear called "l'onso". In Aragonese mythology the bear carried souls between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Trangas dance with young females named "madamas" symbolising "purity" and wearing colourful dresses. Other traditional figures include a horse rider named "Caballé".
Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Aragonese cuisine
Trenza de Almudevar
With its lush Pyrenean pastures, lamb, beef, and dairy products are, not surprisingly, predominant in Aragonese cuisine. Also of note is its ham from Teruel; olive oil from Empeltre and Arbequina; longaniza from Graus; rainbow trout and salmon, boar, truffles and wild mushrooms from the upper river valleys of the Jacetania, Gallego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza regions; and wines from Cariñena, Somontano, Calatayud, and Campo de Borja; and fruit, especially peaches, from its fertile lower valleys. The region also features a unique local haggis, known as chireta, several interesting seafood dishes, including various crab pastes, which developed from an old superstition that crabs help prevent illness, and sweets such as "Adoquines del Pilar" and "Frutas de Aragón". There are also other sweets like "Tortas de alma" from Teruel and "Trenza de Almudevar" or "Castañas de Huesca" from Huesca.
Research[edit]
Astrophysical Observatory of Javalambre located in the Teruel province of Aragon, and operated by CEFCA.
The University of Zaragoza is the largest university in Aragon, which conduct research in various disciplines. Of the Nationally recognized Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure [es] research institutes, Aragon hosts the following:
Astrophysical Observatory of Javalambre (OAJ), which is located in the Javalambre mountain range, south of the Teruel province. OAJ is managed by the Center for Physics Studies of the Cosmos of Aragon (CEFCA), which is located in the Teruel city.
Canfranc Underground Laboratory, located in the north of the Huesca province and is managed by a consortium of the Aragon and national governments and the University of Zaragoza.
Economy[edit]
Aragon is among the richest autonomous regions in Spain, with GDP per capita above the nation's average. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 37.0 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 3.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,200 euros or 100% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 101% of the EU average.[25]
The traditional agriculture-based economy from the mid-20th century has been greatly transformed in the past several decades and now service and industrial sectors are the backbone of the economy in the region.
The well-developed irrigation system around the Ebro has greatly supported the productive agriculture. The most important crops include wheat, barley, rye, fruit and grapes. Livestock-breeding is essential especially in the northern areas, where the lush meadows provide excellent conditions for sheep and cattle. As of November 2020 the regional livestock includes 8.8 million pigs (around six pigs per person), and, as of January 2021, 73.1 million gallifowls.[26] Also as of November 2020, there were more than 1.6 million sheep and about 50,000 goats,[27] as well as about 400,000 head of cattle, most of them in Huesca province.[28] According to Greenpeace, 30% of the Aragonese territory is endangered by liquid manure from intensive farming, putting aquifers and other water reserves at risk.[29]
The chief industrial centre is the capital Zaragoza, where the largest factories are located. The largest plant is the Opel automotive plant with 8730 employees and production of 200000 per year. It supports many related industries in the area. Other large plants in the city include factories for trains and household appliances. Mining of iron ore and coal is developed to the south, near Ojos Negros. Electricity production is concentrated to the north where numerous hydro power plants are located along the Pyrenean rivers and in the 1150 MW Teruel Power Plant. There is an aluminium refinery in the town of Sabiñánigo. The main centres of electronics industry are Zaragoza, Huesca and Benabarre. Chemical industry is developed in Zaragoza, Sabiñánigo, Monzón, Teruel, Ojos Negros, Fraga, Benabarre and others.
The transport infrastructure has been greatly improved. There are more than[data missing] of motorways which run from Zaragoza to Madrid, Teruel, Basque country, Huesca and Barcelona. The condition of the other roads is also good. As of 2016[update] there are 899008 cars in Aragon.[5] Through the territory of the province runs the new high-speed railway between Madrid and Barcelona with siding from Zaragoza to Huesca, which is going to be continued to the French border. There is an International Airport at Zaragoza, as well as several smaller airports at Huesca, Caudé, Santa Cilia de Jaca and Villanueva de Gállego.
The unemployment rate stood at 11.6% in 2017 and was lower than the national average.[30]
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Unemployment rate(in %)
5.5
5.3
7.3
13.1
15.0
17.1
18.7
21.4
20.2
16.3
14.7
11.6
Government and politics[edit]
Current political organization[edit]
As an autonomous community of Spain, Aragon has an elected regional parliament (Spanish: Cortes de Aragón, Aragonese: Cortz d'Aragón, Catalan: Corts d'Aragó) with 67 seats. It meets in the Aljafería, a Moorish palace in the capital city, Zaragoza. The Parliament chooses a President for the Diputación General de Aragón or Aragon Government, for a four-year term. The current president (since July 2015) is Javier Lambán of the PSOE. Nationally, Aragon elects 13 Deputies and 14 Senators to the Cortes Generales.
In addition to the Spanish-based political parties, there are a number of Aragón-based parties, such as the Chunta Aragonesista, a left-wing Aragonese nationalist party, and the Aragonese Party, more conservative. Chunta Aragonesista had a seat in Spain's national Congress of Deputies from 2000 to 2008, while the centrist Aragonese Party has three national senators, who are in coalition with the ruling People's Party.[31]
In a 2011 regional government survey, 47.6% of the population wanted greater autonomy for Aragon, while 35.2% were satisfied with its current level of autonomy. A total of 6% wanted an end to autonomy and 3.2% wanted full independence.[32]
Historic[edit]
Main articles: List of Aragonese monarchs, List of Aragonese consorts, and List of viceroys of Aragon
Aragon in the Middle Ages was the hub of the wider Crown of Aragon. The Crown was represented in the region from 1517 by a viceroy.
In 1479, King Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile, a kingdom covering much of the rest of modern Spain. However, until the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707, Aragon maintained its own separate laws and institutions.
Media[edit]
Aragon has media set-ups in television, radio and numerous newspapers.
Television[edit]
On 21 April 2006, regional television broadcasts in Aragon officially began with the launch of Aragón TV. The law which established the CARTV (Aragon Corporation Radio and Television) dated from 1987, but various political disputes delayed the project for several legislatures.
During the years that Aragon had no public television, several media groups sought to supplement their absence. For one TVE-Aragon, taking the Territorial Centre in Zaragoza, produced several programs and educational activities with the Aragonese town. As for private groups, there were several projects. The most widely accepted for many years had been Antena Aragón, which came to be regarded as regional television. This channel was created in 1998 and disappeared in 2005 shortly after having to leave the Media Production Centre (CPA), as this was built by the DGA for future public television host Aragon. With the push for the creation of public television, Antena Aragón merged with RTVA (Radio Television Aragonesa) belonging to the Herald Group. Merging RTVA Antena Aragón and led to channel ZTV (Zaragoza Television). Moreover, Antena 3 Televisión aired for several years, and off to Aragon, a news report fully Aragonese, having a central issue in the Pinares de Venecia in Zaragoza, within the premises of the Theme Park of Zaragoza.
Aragón TV was launched in 2006 after spending a season broadcasting a letter and a loop with images of Aragonese villages and audio of regional radio programs.
Radio[edit]
Aragon Radio, began broadcasting on 18 August 2005 at 5 p.m. with the sound of drums and drums of Calanda and a group song Zaragoza "The Fish". Estimates of its audience range from 20 000 listeners, according to the latest EMG, to 70000, according to private findings. The channel has regional news bulletins every hour from 7 a.m. to midnight and coverage of sports.
Sport[edit]
La Romareda, home ground of Real Zaragoza
Aragon's most successful football club is Real Zaragoza. The club was founded in 1932 and spent 58 seasons in First Division, having played at its current ground, La Romareda, since 1957. Real Zaragoza have won six Copa del Rey titles from 1964 to 2004,[33] and the 1995 European Cup Winners' Cup.
The other most important football team in Aragon is SD Huesca, that in 2018 and 2020 was able to promote to first division. Now, SD Huesca is still playing in second division after being relegated two times. CD Teruel was able to promote in the 2022/2023 season from segunda federación(Spanish 4th division) to primera federación(Spanish 3rd division) There are plenty of smaller clubs in the region playing in semi-professional and amateur competitions.
Skiing is popular in the Pyrenean north of Aragon, at resorts such as Formigal and Candanchú.[34] The Aragonese city of Jaca in the Pyrenees bid to host the Winter Olympics from 2002 to 2014.[35] Zaragoza was considering a bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics,[36][37] but dropped it in 2011 to strengthen the chance of Barcelona winning the games.[38]
The Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, also known as Motorland Aragón, is a motorsport race track located near Alcañiz in Aragon. It is home to the Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix.
Notable people from Aragon[edit]
Up to the 19th century[edit]
Saint Elizabeth of Portugal (1271–1336), queen consort of Portugal and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
Antipope Benedict XIII (1328–1423), known as Papa Luna, Avignon pope and art patron-sponsor
King Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516), married queen Isabella I of Castile and united the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile, giving form to the actual Spain
Michael Servetus (1509/11–1552), theologian and physician who received numerous charges of heresy by both Catholics and Protestants and was burnt at the stake in Calvin's Geneva during the 16th century
Joseph Calasanz (1557–1648), Catholic priest who dedicated himself to the education of poor boys at Rome and founded a society pledged to that work
Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658), writer of Spanish Baroque literature
Pablo Bruna (1611–1679), blind composer, organist
Gaspar Sanz (1640–1710), composer, guitarist and organist
Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre (1702–1780), military engineer who discovered the ruins of Pompeii
Francisco Garcés (1738–1781), missionary priest to North America who founded two pueblo missions[39]
Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) 18th-century painter.
20th and 21st centuries[edit]
Eva Amaral Lallana, singer-songwriter and member of the rock band Amaral
Enrique Bunbury (Enrique Ortiz de Landázuri Izarduy), rock singer-songwriter for Héroes del Silencio and Enrique Bunbury Band
Luis Buñuel Portolés, filmmaker
St. Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y Albás, Spanish Catholic priest, founder of Opus Dei
Pablo Gargallo Catalán, sculptor and painter
Jesús Moncada Estruga, writer
Ramon J. Sender Garcés, writer
José Antonio Labordeta Subías, singer, writer, politician (deputy) and TV presenter
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recipient for his research on the human brain and nervous system
Carlos Saura Atarés, filmmaker
Pablo Serrano Aguilar, sculptor
Alberto Zapater Arjol, footballer
María Pilar León Cebrián, footballer
Teresa Perales Fernández, Paralympic swimmer, politician and university professor
Fernando Simón Soria, epidemiologist and director of the Coordination Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies of the Spanish Ministry of Health during the ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks
Federico Jiménez Losantos, radio presenter and right wing pundit
Sheila Herrero Lapuente, inline speed skater
Antón García Abril, music composer
Soledad Puértolas Villanueva, writer, member of the Royal Spanish Academy and winner of the Premio Planeta de Novela
Juan Alberto Belloch Julbe, judge, former Spanish Minister of Justice and of Justice and Interior, former mayor of Zaragoza, former deputy and senator and former member of the General Council of the Judiciary
Luisa Fernanda Rudi Úbeda, senator, former and first female President of the Congress of the Deputies, former and first female President of Aragon, former and first female mayor of Zaragoza, former deputy, MEP and autonomic deputy and former president of the Aragonese People's Party
Marcelino Iglesias Ricou, former President of Aragon, former senator and autonomic deputy and former secretary-general of the Socialists' Party of Aragon and former member of the executive committee of the PSOE
Román Escolano Olivares, economist, former Spanish Minister of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and former vice-president of the European Investment Bank
Miki (Miguel) Nadal Furriel, comedian, actor and TV presenter
Luisa Gavasa Moragón, actress
Hana Jalloul Muro, university professor, politician and Secretary of State of Migrations
Guitarricadelafuente (Álvaro Lafuente Calvo), singer-songwriter, guitarist and musician
Ara Malikian, violinist
Ana Santos Aramburo, librarian and director of the National Library of Spain
José Luis Gil Sanz, television, cinema, theatre and voice actor
Alexandra Jiménez Arrechea, actress and TV presenter
Conchita Martínez Bernat, tennis player
Pilar Palomero, film director and screenwriter
Paco Martínez Soria, actor and theatre entrepreneur
Miguel Ángel Tirado Vinués (also known as "Marianico el Corto"), comedian and actor
Violadores del Verso, rap music crew
Álvaro Arbeloa Coca, footballer
Juan Antonio San Epifanio Ruiz (most commonly known as "Epi"), basketball player
Manuel Pizarro Moreno, economist, jurist and former politician (deputy)
Symbols[edit]
Main articles: Coat of arms of Aragon and Himno de Aragón
First testimony of the coat of arms of Aragon. Fabricio Vagad, printed in Zaragoza in 1499 by Pablo Hurus
The current coat of arms of Aragon is composed of the four barracks and is attested for the first time in 1499, consolidating since the Early Modern Ages to take root decisively in the 19th century and be approved, according to precept, by the Real Academia de la Historia in 1921.
The first quartering appears at the end of the 15th century and commemorates, according to traditional interpretation, the legendary kingdom of Sobrarbe; in the second quarter there is the so-called "Cross of Íñigo Arista", innovation of Peter IV of Aragon (from an anachronistic interpretation of the cross that symbolized the religion of the Asturian, Navarrese and Aragonese Christian kings), who took it as shields of the ancient kings of Aragon, although historically there were no heraldic emblems in the peninsula (or "signal shields", as it was said in the Middle Ages) before the union dynastic of 1137 of the House of Aragon with the House of Barcelona; in the third quartering appears the Saint George's Cross escutcheoned of four heads of Moors (the call "Cross of Alcoraz"), that is witnessed for the first time in a seal of 1281 of Peter III of Aragon and would remember, according to tradition arising from the 14th century, the battle in which Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona and the future Alfonso I of Aragon took Huesca and was considered in the Early modern Ages one of the proprietary emblems of the kingdom of Aragon; and in the fourth is the emblem of the so-called "bars of Aragon" or Royal Sign of Aragon, the oldest of the heraldic emblems that are part of the current coat of arms, dated in the second half of the 12th century.
This emblem of gules and gold was used in seals, banners, shields and standards indistinctly, not being but a familiar emblem that later denoted the authority as King of Aragon until, with the birth of Modern State, began to be a territorial symbol.
La Plaza de Aragón square in Zaragoza, on Saint George's Day, with a flag of Aragon of flowers
The current flag was approved in 1984, with the provisions of Article 3 of the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon, the flag is the traditional of the four horizontal red bars on a yellow background with the coat of arms of Aragon shifted towards the flagpole.
The bars of Aragon, common historic element of the current four autonomous communities that once were integrated into the Crown of Aragon, present in the third quartering of the coat of arms of Spain.
The anthem of Aragon (himno de Aragón) was regulated in 1989 with music by the Aragonese composer Antón García Abril that combines the old Aragonese musical tradition with popular musical elements within a modern conception. The lyrics were elaborated by the Aragonese poets Ildefonso Manuel Gil, Ángel Guinda, Rosendo Tello and Manuel Vilas and highlights within its poetic framework, values such as freedom, justice, reason, truth, open land ... that historically represent the expression of Aragon as a people.
The Day of Aragon is celebrated on April 23 and commemorates Saint George, patron of the Kingdom of Aragon since the 15th century. It appears in Article 3 of the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon since 1984. Institutional acts such as the delivery of the Aragon Awards by the Government of Aragon or the composition of a flag of Aragon of flowers, with the collaboration of citizens, in the Plaza de Aragón square of Zaragoza.
Image gallery[edit]
Aragon gallery
Teruel Cathedral in Teruel
Aínsa, Aínsa-Sobrarbe
Albarracín
Ansó
Collegiate Church of Santa María la Mayor in Alquézar
Gothic murals of the Crypt of Santa María del Perdón of the Church of San Esteban in Sos del Rey Católico
Puerta Baja gate in Daroca
Valderrobres
Church of Santa María in Uncastillo
Tarazona
Benasque
Calaceite
Citadel of Jaca in Jaca
Aerial view of Mequinenza
See also[edit]
Spain portal
Aragonese Wikipedia
Auberge d'Aragon
Charterhouse of Las Fuentes
Excrex
Fiestas del Pilar
List of Aragonese people
List of municipalities in Aragon
List of mountains in Aragon
Current art's artifacts dispute between Aragon and Catalonia, see: Monastery of Santa María de Sigena
Music of Aragon
La Vaquilla del Ángel (in Spanish)
Imperial Canal of Aragon
Citations[edit]
^ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es.
^ "LEY 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
^ "Definition of ARAGON". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
^ a b c "Aragon Basic Data, 2017" (PDF). aragon.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
^ "Official Population Figures referring to revision of Municipal Register 1 January". Spanish Statistical Office. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^ jiriarte (2010-07-16). "Aragon". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
^ "PIB de las Comunidades Autónomas" [GDP of the Autonomous Communities]. datosmacro.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ "Sierra de Guara" (PDF). Sierra de Guara. 2018-03-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
^ AEMET. "Valores climatológicos normales. Clasificación climática de Köppen" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-07-12.
^ José María Cuadrat Prats, "El clima de Aragón" Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, in J. L. Peña, L. A. Longares and M. Sánchez (editions), Geografía Física de Aragón. Aspectos generales y temáticos, Zaragoza, University of Zaragoza and Fernando el Católico Institution, pp. 15-26. 2004.
^ "Red Natural de Aragón". Government of Aragón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido". Government of Aragon (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos". Government of Aragon (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "El Justicia de Aragón". Eljusticiadearagon.com. 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
^ Zagorin, Perez (1982). Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660: Volume 2, Provincial Rebellion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 052128712X.
^ Pérez Gascón, Jesús (January 2006). "The Aragonese Rebellion of 1591". Immanuel Ness (Ed.), the International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. 1500 to the Present. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ Storrs, Christopher. "The Decline of Spain in the Seventeenth Century" (PDF). State Papers Online. Gale; Cengage Learning. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ Zagorin, Perez (1982). Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660: Volume 2, Provincial Rebellion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–37. ISBN 052128712X.
^ Vives Vi, Jaime (1969). An Economic History of Spain. Princeton University Press. p. 591. ISBN 0691051658. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ State Agency Official State Gazette (December 31, 1996). "Organic Law 5/1996, of December 30, of Reform of the Organic Law 8/1982, of August 10, of the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon, modified by the Organic Law 6/1994, of March 24, of reform of said Statute". Documento BOE-A-1996-29115. pp. 38912–38918. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
^ "Cifras completas". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03.
^ Alberto Turón Lanuza. "El Web de la Música Tradicional Aragonesa". Arafolk. Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
^ "Carnabal de la Balle de Bielsa". Carnaval de Bielsa. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09.
^ Calvo, Marcos; Pereda, Olga (14 October 2021). "En Aragón hay seis cerdos por habitante". El Periódico de Aragón.
^ Subsecretaría de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación:Efectivos ganaderos (Ovino, Caprino), noviembre 2020 (in Spanish)
^ Subsecretaría de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación:Encuestas ganaderos 2020 (Bovino), noviembre 2020 (in Spanish)
^ Calvo Manana, M. (14 October 2021). "El 30% del territorio aragonés está contaminado por vertidos de granjas". El Periódico de Aragón.
^ "Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region". Eurostat.
^ "Cuadro resumen de Grupos Parlamentarios". Senado de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Barómetro de Opinión de Invierno 2011". Aragón Hoy (in Spanish). Dirección de Comunicación del Gobierno de Aragón. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ Tejedor Carnicero, José Vicente (2 May 2018). "Spain - List of Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Season start Aragón – Ski season opening Aragón". Ski Resort. Skiresort Service International GmbH. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Jaca to bid for 2014 Winter Games". CNN International. CNN. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Juegos Olímpicos Zaragoza Pirineos 2022 « Candidatura a los JJOO de Invierno de 2022 (No Oficial)" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Adhesión a Candidatura Zaragoza Pirineos 2022". Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Barcelona is now Spain's sole candidate for the 2022 Winter Olympics". Ajuntament de Barcelona. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
Bibliography[edit]
Argensola, Lupercio; The events in Aragon, 1590 and 1591.
Argensola, Lupercio; Popular alterations of Zaragoza, 1591.
Costa, Juan; Annals.
De Aoiz, Lorenzo Ibáñez; Ceremonial and brief relation of all the charges and ordinary things of the Deputation of the Kingdom of Aragon. Published 1611.
De Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio; History of the things that happened in this Kingdom.
De Lanuza, Vicencio Blasco; Secular and Ecclesiastical histories of Aragon. Volume 1 published 1616, Volume 2 1619.
Lavanha, João Baptista; Cartography of the Kingdom of Aragon. Published 1611.
Zurita y Castro, Jerónimo; Anales de la Corona de Aragón. Multi-volume history published between 1562 and 1580.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Aragon.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aragón.
Government of Aragon (in Spanish)
Senderos de Aragón Aragon government tourism site
"Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 313–314.
Guide to the Aragon Pyrenees Mountains Archived 2019-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
Maps of Aragon Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
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Aragon | Spain, Map, History, Climate, & Facts | Britannica
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Spain Then and Now - Aragon
Also known as: Aragón
Written by
Vicente Rodriguez
Research Scientist, Instituto de Economía y Geografía, Madrid, Spain. Co-author of Northern Europeans and the Mediterranean: A New California or a New Florida?; Southern Europe and the New Migrations...
Vicente Rodriguez
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Aragon, SpainAragon, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historical region of northeastern Spain. It encompasses the provincias (provinces) of Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Aragon is bounded by France to the north and by the autonomous communities of Catalonia to the east, Valencia to the southeast, Castile–La Mancha to the southwest, and Castile-León, La Rioja, and Navarra to the west. Aragon was established as an autonomous community by the statute of autonomy of August 10, 1982. The capital is Zaragoza. Area 18,411 square miles (47,697 square km). Pop. (2007 est.) 1,296,655. Geography Tena ValleyCountryside of the Tena Valley with the Pyrenees Mountains in the background, in Aragon, Spain.(more)Mountains dominate the relief north and south of the east-west-trending Ebro River basin, which bisects Aragon into northern and southern portions. Administratively, Zaragoza province occupies the Ebro basin and is flanked by Huesca province to the north and Teruel province to the south. The Pyrenees rise to more than 9,840 feet (3,000 metres) and extend southward from France into Huesca. Their foothills, the pre-Pyrenees, decline in elevation southward to the Ebro basin. The Ebro River drains most of Aragon with the exception of its southernmost portion, which is linked to the Tagus River basin and the Mediterranean Sea. The Sierra de Gúdar occupies almost all of Teruel province as well as the southwestern corner of Zaragoza. Annual precipitation is low throughout most of Aragon, averaging about 14 inches (350 mm). Most precipitation occurs in the autumn and spring. A Mediterranean climate prevails except in the Pyrenees. The population tends to be concentrated in the irrigated zones of the Ebro River basin and is much sparser in the adjoining mountains. In Huesca and Teruel the population has declined since the early 20th century, when grape phylloxera destroyed numerous vineyards there. Meanwhile, the population of the province and city of Zaragoza has grown at the expense of Huesca and Teruel. One-half of Aragon’s population lives in Zaragoza city. Most of the land is cultivated by dry farming, producing crops of wheat, barley, olives, and grapes. The irrigated land, however, is far more productive and accounts for the better part of Aragon’s agricultural output. The principal crops of the irrigated zones are corn (maize), fodder, and fruit. The government sponsored various projects to expand the land under irrigation, beginning with the Imperial Canal alongside the Ebro River, which was completed in 1783. By 1904 the Canal of Aragon and Catalonia had brought wide stretches of land in the province of Huesca under irrigation, and the Plan Bardenas and the Plan Monegros, both initiated after 1945, brought many additional acres under irrigation. The Bardenas Canal channels the Arba and Aragon rivers and centres around the town of Ejea de los Caballeros, while the Monegros Canal draws on rivers south of Huesca town. Livestock farming, especially pig and sheep raising, is important in Huesca.
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Aragon’s manufacturing sector is heavily concentrated in greater Zaragoza. The introduction of sugar beets in the late 19th century hastened the industrialization of the city; seven sugar refineries were established there between 1900 and 1905. Metalworking is now Zaragoza’s leading industry, however. Electric appliances, machinery, railway equipment, and automobiles are the leading manufactures. Textiles, footwear, and clothing are also produced. Aragon’s primary source of energy is hydroelectricity, generated by the damming of the Ebro River and its northern affluents in Huesca. Historically, Teruel province was a lignite and iron-ore mining region; today its dominant economic activity is the production of thermoelectric power. A railroad reached Zaragoza in 1864, and highways now connect that city with Spain’s major industrial centres. History The modern autonomous community of Aragon is roughly coextensive with the historical kingdom of Aragon. This principality had its origins in 1035, when Sancho III (the Great) of Navarre left to his third son, Ramiro I, the small Pyrenean county of Aragon and established it as an independent kingdom. To this mountain domain Ramiro added the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the east. By 1104 Aragon’s kings had doubled its size by conquests southward toward the Ebro River. Zaragoza, a major city controlled by the Almoravids, fell to Alfonso I of Aragon (1104–34) in 1118, and it soon became the capital of the kingdom of Aragon. The reconquest of present-day Aragon from the Muslims had been completed by the late 12th century. In 1179 Aragon reached an agreement with the neighbouring Christian kingdom of Castile under which those parts of Spain remaining in Muslim hands were divided into two zones—one for each kingdom to reconquer. In 1137 the ruler of Catalonia, Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, married the heiress of the kingdom of Aragon. The union of Aragon and Catalonia principally benefited the Catalans, who dominated the state until 1412. The union enabled the Catalans to devote themselves to commerce and maritime expansion, knowing that the financial and military responsibility of defending them from Castile would fall largely on the inhabitants of the Aragonese hinterland. The Aragonese kings meanwhile continued to expand their domains, reconquering the rich kingdom of Valencia from the Muslims in 1238. Having thus completed the occupation of the Muslim territories allotted to it by the treaty of 1179, Aragon began expanding into the Mediterranean area, a move made possible by the sea power of the Catalans. In 1282, after the incident of the Sicilian Vespers, Peter III of Aragon (1276–85) was received by the Sicilians as their king, and thenceforth Sicily was ruled either directly by the kings of Aragon or by their relatives. Sardinia was incorporated into the Aragonese empire in 1320, and in 1442 Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58) successfully concluded his long struggle to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. Navarre, which had been ruled by Aragon from 1076 to 1134, came under its rule again in 1425.
By the 15th century the nobles of Aragon proper had come to favour union with Castile to counterbalance the power of the mercantile Catalans. Their chance came in 1412 when, after the extinction of the house of Barcelona in 1410, they procured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the vacant Aragonese throne over strong Catalan opposition. One of Ferdinand’s successors, John II of Aragon (1458–79), countered residual Catalan resistance by arranging for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heiress of Henry IV of Castile. In 1479, upon John II’s death, the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain. The Aragonese lands, however, retained autonomous parliamentary and administrative institutions until the early 18th century, when their constitutional privileges were abrogated by Philip V. The old kingdom of Aragon survived as an administrative unit until 1833, when it was divided into the three existing provinces. Vicente Rodriguez
一文了解 DeFi 亲密伙伴，DAO 龙头 Aragon！ - 知乎
一文了解 DeFi 亲密伙伴，DAO 龙头 Aragon！ - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册一文了解 DeFi 亲密伙伴，DAO 龙头 Aragon！区块链研习社Aragon上已经创建了1500多个DAO组织，锁定金额超2800万美元。我们已经写过很多 DeFi 不同版块的内容了，基本上 DeFi 大类覆盖的差不多了，今天填上 DeFi 重要的一个拼图——DAO。DAO 是一个让人兴奋的概念，其核心是想要平权，实现多方决策，尽可能消除独裁治理引发的不可控风险。DAO 是一种新型的管理方式，为治理而生。业内最早的 DAO 是 The DAO，引起了很大反响，但因为合约问题被盗，造成了巨大损失，最终导致以太坊硬分叉。也因为 The DAO 事件的巨大影响，DAO 在之后的发展就远没有之前那么声势浩大了。但 DAO 作为最为契合区块链精神的治理方式，在区块链生态版图中必然有其一席之地，是一块不可或缺的重要拼图。比如作为同样非常契合区块链精神的 DeFi，和 DAO 就有深入融合，很多知名 DeFi 项目本身就是 DAO 模式，比如最成功的去中心化稳定币发行协议 Maker DAO，排名靠前的去中心化交易所 KyberDAO 。所以今天和大家聊聊 DAO 领域的龙头 Aragon 。一、Aragon 是什么？ 首先要明白，Aragon 是一个为 DAO 组织提供工具的 DAO，其核心是为创建、使用 DAO 提供丰富的、便于使用的 DAO 工具。Aragon 成立于 2016 年 11 月，于 2018 年 11 月正式上线主网。到目前为止 Aragon 已经成为了最大的 DAO 基础设施，目前在 Aragon 上创建了 1541 个 DAO 组织，30 天内活跃的组织数 89 个，锁定的金额总计约 2843 万美元。来源：https://scout.cool/aragon/mainnet相比 4 月份的数据，组织数增长并不明显，但锁定金额实现了 4 倍增长，这里面有新增组织引入的新资产，但更大的比重应该是锁定资产中 ETH、ANT 价格的大幅提升所导致的。来源：头等仓研报，Aragon 生态 4 月数据二、Aragon 产品组成Aragon 的产品分为3部分，分别是 Aragon Network、Aragon Court 以及 Aragon Chain。Aragon NetworkAragon Network 是 Aragon 提供的最主要的基础服务 ，也即组织创建、使用 DAO 的基础网络。Aragon Network 提供了简单易用 DAO 创建工具，创建一个 DAO 只需要0.1ETH以及几分钟的资料填写时间。Aragon 内置了 6 种模板，不同的模板侧重点有所不同，组织可以根据需要选择符合自己需求的模板。在创建组织时，可以自由设置不同的治理参数，比如最低投票率、通过百分比、投票期限、投票缓冲时间、投票延迟时间等，然后再经过简单的配置就能够创建成功。这是展示的部分在 Aragon 上创建的 DAO 组织Aragon Court Aragon Court 是 Aragon 提供的另一个重要服务，即 Aragon 法院。Aragon Court 提供仲裁服务，如果社区成员对某个事项存在争议，可以通过抵押一定数量的 Aragon 代币 ANT 发起仲裁，同时也需要支付仲裁费用。在这里引出了 ANT 代币的一个重要用途，即通过抵押 ANT 生成 ANJ 成为仲裁陪审员，仲裁陪审员可以通仲裁纠纷获得收益。想要成为陪审员至少需要抵押 10000 枚 ANT 代币，抵押的 ANT 越多，则被选中仲裁案件的几率越大，一个纠纷一般只会选择 3 位陪审员，如果对仲裁结果有异议发起上诉，才有可能让更多陪审员参与其中。从下图可以看出目前一共抵押了 425 万枚 ANT 代币，一共有 261 位仲裁陪审员。目前仲裁法院展示的仲裁纠纷只有 13 例，均是已完结状态，整个仲裁流程下来并不会耗费过长的时间。Aragon ChainAragon 生态第三部分是 Aragon Chain， Aragon Chain 基于Cosmos搭建，是一条专为DAO构建的链，相比以太坊来说将会更快、更便宜，并且完全兼容以太坊。Aragon Chain 的原生代币是 ARA，但比较特殊的一点是 ARA 也是通过抵押 ANT 生成的，拥有 ARA 代币可以通过 Staking 获得网络手续费收入。这对于 ANT 来说，又增加了一项重要的使用场景，这实际上并不是发行了一种新的代币，并不会分散 Aragon 网络的价值。目前 Aragon Chain 尚未推出。三、Aragon 的价值捕获从 Aragon 提供的基础服务来看，Aragon 更多的是工具属性，对于开放性的工具产品来说，其价值捕获是比较困难的。工具一般的价值捕获方式主要是付费功能和广告变现。而这些在区块链领域并不适用，至少在 Aragon 上是不适用的，所以 Aragon 工具属性上的价值捕获是比较困难的。Aragon 通过仲裁法院的建立，事实上为部分持有 ANT 的用户创造了价值捕获的方式，因为发起仲裁是要支付费用的。自 2 月仲裁法院份上线以来，截止目前陪审员一共获得了 3300 美金左右的收益。其次是 Aragon Chain 的出现为 ANT 注入了资本属性，通过 ANT 获得 ARA 之后能够获得手续费收益，同时应该也能参与到 Aragon Chain 的治理。最后一重是 ANT 本身的治理价值，在之前治理价值并不为人所重视，但发展到现在其实我们可以发现治理代币并非没有价值，只是不同的产品其治理价值有所不同。可以简单把治理权理解为公司管理层，如果你有一定的治理份额，加上影响力等，是有可能影响到协议未来的发展方向的。而当协议规模、影响力达到一定程度的时候，协议的发展方向可能会牵涉到非常庞大的利益纠葛，所谓治理代币的价值也就在于这里。Aragon 作为 DAO龙头，其治理代币本身是是具有价值的，至于其价值到底是多是少，这和 Aragon 系统的繁荣程度密切相关。主要注意的是，Aragon 作为 DAO 龙头，受到了市场热捧，短期内价格获得了极大拉升，本文不构成任何投资意见或建议。参考资料：https://scout.cool/aragon/mainnethttps://court.aragon.org/dashboardhttps://help.aragon.org/article/48-aragon-court-faqhttps://wiki.aragon.org/network/aragon_network_token-END-声明：本文为作者独立观点，不代表区块链研习社（公众号）立场，亦不构成任何投资意见或建议。发布于 2020-08-31 16:15去中心化金融（DeFi）去中心化组织（DAO）赞同 2添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请
专题研究N141：去中心化自治组织（DAO）之Aragon阿拉贡 - 知乎
专题研究N141：去中心化自治组织（DAO）之Aragon阿拉贡 - 知乎首发于学学区块链切换模式写文章登录/注册专题研究N141：去中心化自治组织（DAO）之Aragon阿拉贡杨浩峰本人按：昨日三大交易所同时上线Aragon阿拉贡，前几日正好也看到并基本认可DAO之价值；所以，今天就研究一下这个产品。Aragon是以太坊区块链上的一个可以让任何人创建和管理任意组织（公司、开源项目、非政府组织NGO、基金会、对冲基金…）的dApp。Aragon Network（阿拉贡）是一个由代币控制的数字管理组织，专注于为经济增长创造最好的条件。本质上，Aragon Network是个可以让任意组织、企业家和投资人高效安全协作，并且没有技术漏洞和恶意参与方的生态系统。Aragon Network的链上组织将会使用Aragon Core进行搭建，它是由一个Solidity语言的去中心化自治组织（DAO）和网页端去中心化应用（dApp）组成。一开始，Aragon Core会专注于资本化的公司类组织，但它的模块化功能也足够适应其他种类的组织。Aragon代币（ANT）是Aragon Network的原生代币，主要用于管理阿拉贡网络、抵押阿拉贡网络成员协议。项目特点： 在区块链上创建和运营去中心化组织。 创新实现的价值：与传统组织相比，去中心化组织的运作效率极端高效。 使用场景规模：适用于公司（初期专注于资本化的公司类组织）、开源项目、NGO 组织、基金会、对冲基金等，使用者不需要专业的技术背景，可以通过人性化的图形界面进行操作。运用场景： 1、开箱即用的功能： 开箱即用，Aragon提供多种核心功能。它有一个用于身份管理的模块和用于所有权和访问控制的密切相关的模块。其他模块包括股东投票，通过令牌生成筹集资金，人力资源入职和工资单，以及应付账款/应收账款。总之，Aragon的核心功能涵盖了使现代公司运作的会计，治理和身份的关键方面。2、模块化自定义功能： Aragon的模块化设计并不止于标准的核心模块。正如公司可以编辑现有模块一样，他们也可以自由地开发全新的模型。他们还可以开发现有模型的数据和结构，以实现扩展功能。 Aragon的模块化特性与其开源精神相结合，意味着我们可以看到一个免费使用模块的整个生态系统，这些模块可以扩展Aragon组织的容量。3、数字管辖权： 阿拉贡明确的目标是建立数字管辖权。正如国家在法庭上对其公民拥有管辖权一样，阿拉贡希望建立第一个数字法庭，该法院不会根据国家边界运作，是在Aragon平台上强制执行组织之间的数字合同。Aragon是一个基于以太坊区块链的开源项目。它的目标是成为一个去中心化的自治组织（DAO），允许利益相关者对项目的未来发展和方向进行投票。Aragon使用ERC-20代币ANT来促进项目的投票和治理。 AragonCore由Aragon基金会（Aragon Foundation）提供支持，该基金会是一个负责帮助Aragon项目发展成熟的非盈利组织。Aragon One是Aragon项目的营利性开发团队。发行时间 2017-05-17 最大供应量 39,609,524 ANT； https://aragon.one/；该项目最初由Luis Cuende和Jorge Izquierdo于2016年11月启动。迄今为止，在阿拉贡（Aragon）上已经建立了1350多个组织和成长中的组织。使用Aragon的社区包括BrightID，Decentraland，PieDAO，LexDAO等。https://poweredby.aragon.org/ANT 上线火币交易所， 原创 Aragon China aragonproject 昨天火币全球站定于2020年8月13日08:00 (GMT+8) 开放ANT (Aragon) 充币业务。8月13日11:00 (GMT+8) 开放ANT/USDT，ANT/BTC，ANT/ETH币币交易。8月13日11:00 (GMT+8) 开放ANT提币业务。Aragon 是全球最知名的 DAO 解决方案提供商。目前，基于 Aragon 所创建的 DAO 已经超过1500个，通过 Aragon 平台储存的资产已超过3.5亿美元。Aragon提供了一套构建新型全球社区的应用程序和服务，包括支持众多 DeFi 项目，包括使用Aragon平台和服务推进金融透明度、资产管理以及协议等管理的DeFi项目比如 AAVE, Curve,和 mStable等。ANT (Aragon Network Token) 是 Aragon 生态的基础货币，其总发行量为 39,609,524 ANT，当前流通量为 32,566,351 ANT。ANT与Aragon网络的价值创造及经济紧密结合。通过将ANT与服务需求相联系，Aragon网络可以从其开展的服务中受益。ANT的持有者还可以通过参与治理，在网络的发展中拥有直接的发言权。 其中一个服务，Aragon 法庭, 是由真人组成的仲裁组织。陪审员执行在协议中创建的人类可读的规则。Aragon法庭并不是传统司法体系的替代，从某种程度上说，它更加有用。因为它并不关心你是谁，你甚至可以匿名。Aragon China 是什么？ 原创 Aragon China aragonproject 3天前Aragon China 是 Aragon 在全球的第一个本地组织，其使命是构建 Aragon 的东方生态。我们的目标是让 Aragon China 成为 Aragon 全球生态中最具影响力的组成部分。我们正在构建一个多语言的 DAO 服务平台。我们为用户提供了一个最快捷的方式来创建 DAO。而且，你可以选择在以太坊主网或者是 xDAI。我们将联合 DAOSquare、MetaCartel Ventures China 以及其他机构和组织共同发掘那些有前景的 DAO，通过人力和财力孵化他们，Aragon China 正在开启社区2.0的先河，这是一个区别于当下项目社区运行模式的全新实践。预计未来几周内，Aragon Chain 测试网将上线，主网也将于不久之后上线，届时，Aragon China 也将以 DAO 的方式组织共识群体参与到 Aragon Chain 的验证节点中，共同构建 Aragon 的共识网络。Aragon China 也是一个 DAO，这不仅是 Aragon 第一次以这样的方式构建海外生态模块，而且在整个区块链世界，也属于首例。为了更好地实施 DAO 治理，Aragon China 发行了其 DAO 治理代币：ANC (Aragon Network China)，这也是继 ANT、ANJ、ARA 之后 Aragon 的另一个生态代币。ANC 即将在 Balancer 流通Aragon 系代币傻傻分不清楚？本文带你一览全貌！ 原创 Typto aragonproject 5天前ANJ 的全称为：Aragon Network juror，是服务于 Aragon 法庭 (Aragon Court) 的 token。它是通过质押 ANT 而生成，因此 ANJ 的总量依赖于 ANT 的总量。 合约地址： 0xcD62b1C403fa761BAadFC74C525ce2B51780b184； Etherscan：https://etherscan.io/token/0xcD62b1C403fa761BAadFC74C525ce2B51780b184Aragon Court 是 Aragon 生态的仲裁模块，它的目标是处理需要人类陪审员判决的主观纠纷。成为陪审员的前提是持有 ANJ，陪审员通过参与裁决争端赚取相应的奖励。 目前，获得 ANJ 有两种方式： 用 ANT 置换， 直接购买如果你仅仅是想将 ANT 兑换为 ANJ 或者将 ANJ 兑换为 ANT，你可以登录 Aragon 自己的 Converter 工具，这里的价格或许会比其他去中心化交易所更优惠，链接：https://convert.aragon.org/ARA 用于 Aragon Chain，和 ANJ 一样，我们需要通过 ANT 获得 ARA。如果你想成为 Aragon Chain 的验证者，则需要抵押 ARA 从而参与 POS 来共建和维护 Aragon Chain 的共识及网络安全，同时，验证者也将从中获得 ARA 奖励。DeFi 之后加密世界的下一件大事：DAO， 原创 kevW!ls0n aragonproject 7月29日当每个人都在尝试把他们的ETH投入到某种形式的DeFi收益项目时，我们就有了一个绝佳时机来发现一些正处于幕后的东西，以此为下一场压轴大戏做好准备。 我所看到的幕后，即是一场将要到来的去中心化自治组织（DAOs）的浪潮。Maker是第一个将治理权交给社区的项目之一，之后，更多的效仿接踵而至： Kyber Network…Synthetix Network...Aave...UMA...REN...Bancor...bZx…ZRX...Nexus Mutal...Numerai...Loopring......Balancer...事实上，著名的风险投资家Tim Draper在2020年2月就向Aragon投资了100万美元，这也使他最多得以购买2.5%的ANT供应量。每个DAO都可以通过Aragon简化很多地方，例如: 信念投票（Conviction Voting）- 根据所有成员的信念偏好分配资金， 记点投票（Dot Voting）- 创建并参与多选项点投票， 筹款（Fundraising）- 问责制可以通过Aragon平台追踪， 财务（Finance）- 管理组织的所有财务， 薪资（Payroll）- 支付组织成员的费用它的设计不需要你对区块链有任何先验知识，也免去了这些DAO雇佣专业开发人员的需要，因为平台的所有功能都是“开箱即用”的。 平台的所有功能都可以在仪表盘的侧栏轻松访问；除此之外，Aragon也有自己的陪审团制度来处理DAO内部的纠纷。该功能被称为“Aragon法院”，它是第一个数字法院，提供纠纷处理协议。https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fl_YDsmP8t3AG0oZufIBHA DeFi 之后加密世界的下一件大事：DAOANT 流动性奖励介绍， 原创 Aragon China aragonproject 7月23日一个健康的ANT生态需要深厚的流动性资金池。良好的流动性意味着社区成员可以获得更大的ANT头寸，而滑点要小得多。对于许多人来说，Uniswap是通向ANT的门户，它也一直表明自己是ANT社区成员交易ANT的最受欢迎的去中心化交易所（DEX）。我们很高兴继续支持Uniswap，同时增加Uniswap上的ANT / ETH池的深度，以加强ANT的流动性。加入流动性挖矿浪潮的 Aragon 平台发展如何？数据解读其 DAO 生态资金与治理现状， 亚洲铜聊区块链 1周前Aragon DAO 生态系统正在崛起。2020 年 Aragon 生态系统内的去中心化自治组织（DAO）月活跃数量平均超过 144 个，其中不少组织的资金水平都很不错。Aragon 生态系统内去中心化自治组织成员数量很少有超过神奇的 150「邓巴数」，假如成员数量超过 150 个，去中心化自治组织能否实现更有效的协调并维持现有参与度还有待观察，因此关注未来 Aragon 生态系统内去中心化自治组织能有多大表现会非常有趣。Aragon Court 有一个宏伟的目标：试图构建一个全面的互联网管辖权，以管辖全世界的 Aragon 实体，无论该实体的物理位置在何处。 自 2020 年 2 月启动以来，已经有 700 多名陪审员进入 Aragon Court 系统。5分钟了解 Aragon， 原创 链求君 链求君 7月22日Aragon Network是Luis Cuende和Jorge Izquierdo的创意。Cuende之前曾帮助在区块链上建立时间戳技术，还与Microsoft，Telefonica和爱沙尼亚政府等公司合作。伊兹奎尔多（Izquierdo）15岁时获得了苹果奖学金。Aragon目前由Aragon基金会（Aragon Foundation）管理，该基金会是一个致力于建立和推广网络的非营利组织。阿拉贡（Aragon）这个名字来自两位创始人共同成长的西班牙地区。Aragon 简史， 2017年2月 - Aragon Network 诞生。 2017年5月 - Aragon推出其ICO。 2017年6月 - Aragon 与去中心化交易平台0x签署了合作伙伴协议。 2018年2月 - Aragon Architect 推出，这是公司在平台上构建自己的个人资料的一种方式。 2019年 - Aragon 成为全球最负盛名的 DAO 解决方案服务商。 2020年7月 - Aragon China 成立了， 共同构建 Aragon 的东方生态。Aragon如何运作？ 智能合约-Aragon使用智能合约；就像其他协议一样，它们是协议。最大的区别是它们自动实现的。他们可以自主执行交易。合同将资金托管在托管机构中，只要部分协议得到满足，它们便可以自动支付。 预言机-需要将人类可读的合同和现实事件转换为区块链可以理解的数据。Aragon使用预言机使平台上持有的协议能够响应实际操作。 去中心治理-在Aragon网络中，没有集中式的权力来做出决定并执行裁决。用户作为分散的自治组织或DAO的一部分来管理自己。这使他们能够通过简单的共识解决分歧。 权力下放-每当发生纠纷时，网络都会任命一个该案的陪审员。 双方将提供证据，然后陪审员将作出决定，就像在真正的法院中一样。 双方均有权对该决定提出上诉； 如果获得批准，将把案件提交上级法院。Aragon (ANT) 的经济学， 原创 Chris Burniske DAOSquare 4月23日陪审团成员需要锁仓ANJ，为Aragon法院系统工作。ANT以联合曲线计算法锁定（如下所示）来创建ANJ。因此，ANJ由ANT的价值承保，该比率以ANT的价格作为ANJ的底价。你可以在这里抵押ANT来生成ANJ，已经有250多名陪审员这样做。与ANJ相似，ARA将通过抵押ANT铸造。作为Aragon Chain的燃料，ARA也将拥有直接的资本资产属性。与ANJ相似，如果将ARA的基础ANT作为价格底线，则ARA验证者对利润的NPV即可作为合理的价格目标。我们期望有类似的收益率和联合曲线平价动态，如 ANJ 部分所述。Aragon：DAO定制化平台先行者 | BiQuan Choice评级， 原创 BiQuanChoice评级 Choice评级 2019-08-06Aragon致力于打造一个无专业门槛的DAO定制化平台，便于企业利用区块链治理技术降低运营开支和操作成本。Aragon对市场痛点的把握相对准确，区块链治理领域存在可预见的增长潜力。技术方面，Aragon项目有一定创新，代码更新质量领先竞争对手。此外，Aragon核心团队实力强劲、屡获重量级奖项，项目顾问阵容强大。相对于主要竞争对手，Aragon在项目开发进度、社区活跃度和市值表现等方面具有显著优势。目前，Aragon所处区块链治理领域相对冷门。但由于区块链技术用以降低企业运营开支和操作成本的前景广阔，区块链治理领域存在可预见的增长潜力。总的来说，区块链治理这一细分市场前景可观，但具体实现程度应保持观望。DeFi 火热，DAO项目3月涨7倍，会是下一个热点吗？ 插兜小哪吒 2020-08-12 09:15发布在 海盗号The DAO 项目拔地而起，而又黯然落幕，伴随着是DAO这个概念，也进入雪藏阶段，渐渐淡出人们的视线。 如今 DeFi 火热，DAO 借着这股热潮，又重回了人们的视线。DAO 是一个工具，为组织机构服务的工具。这个工具可以分为三种类型。 1.通用型DAO：Aragon，DaoStack，Kleros， 2.专用型DAO：MakerDAO、KyberDAO、Synthetix、Yearn.finance， 3.特殊型DAO：MolochDao、KarmaDAO、Buidl （DFO HUB）1）DAO 龙头 Aragon（ANT）：一个标准的以太坊DAO制作工厂。在Aragon创建的DAO已超过 1400 个，包括Aave、Decentraland、Melon、Stake Capital、CurveDAO、rDAI、Commons Stack、LexDAO、PieDAO等知名区块链项目。 2）DAO老二 DaoStack（GEN）：GEN重视“去中心化决策机制”方面，其试图在提案的公平性与效率之间寻找合适的平衡点，使得大规模的去中心化决策模型成为可能。 3）去中心化仲裁机 Kleros（PNK）：链上“法院” –，一个去中心化网络的基础仲裁层。在Kleros Court 平台上已有 200 多名陪审员，处理了150 多起纠纷案件。特殊型DAO； 1）MolochDao：V神点赞的一个DAO，也是成员之一，其直接目标是为以太坊区块链更迭，为以太坊 2.0 的开发提供资金。 2）KarmaDAO：Web3 Journal 创始人Andrew Lee宣布正式启动一个DAO，以Telegram上的私人聊天组形式存在，要想进去得钱包里有200个Karma代币才行，代币一旦不够，会被机器人检测到直接踢出去。 3）Buidl （DFO HUB）Buidl被称作DAO的工具军火库，更多集中于弹性地用各种工具去中心化地构筑新型的链上公司的概念，而不是为原有的组织提供治理工具。Curve完成初始流动性挖矿，20个鲸鱼地址分得近一半奖励， 隔夜的粥 2020-08-10 14:07Curve是一个流动性聚合协议，通俗地说，它是一个去中心化交易所（DEX），并且它专注于稳定币和比特币锚定币的交易。 Curve自2020年1月上线以来，它已迅速成为以太坊去中心化金融（DeFi）生态的领跑者之一，据DefiPulse的数据显示，Curve协议目前锁定的价值已达到了2.46亿美元，目前暂列DEX类目的第二位。CurveDAO是一个利用Aragon所定制的一个DAO，它将允许CRV持有人通过“时间加权投票”的方式来影响协议的发展方向。而这种投票方式会使经验丰富的CRV持币者享有更大的投票权重，从而减轻富有持有者的影响。DeFi之后下一个浪潮将是DAO？ 屏风 2020-08-03 18:12发布在 区块链DAO有望成为国家、市场、公司之外的第 4 种组织形态，最大化地实现组织的效能及价值流转，形成新的商业变革。那么，这样的变革第一个试验场应该在哪？显然，内容创作社区不是首选。DeFi项目中，第一个推行DAO化治理的是Maker。MakerDAO 用MKR标定了成员的身份，并界定了他们对 DAO 的治理权限，这Maker的例子里，我们可以看到DeFi治理token的2大功能，1、充当治理时的选票， MKR 持有者的投票结果决定 Maker 的行动方向；2、投票决定出来的共同行动的主要作用在于确定 MKR 对风险的承担，即治理token可以辅助对协议的保护，最近兴起的DeFi流动性挖矿凸显了治理token的第三大作用：帮助协议冷启动，为DeFi应用快速注入流动性。通证思维实验室创始人贺宝辉指出，公链的落地会分为几个阶段：第一步是DeFi开启公链落地的序章；第二步是DeFi的协议走向DAO化；第三步是基础性能达到一定程度后迎来Dapp的落地；第四步是DAO的全面落地。一位DAO实践者表示，按最近网络情况，目前基于Aragon建立DAO要花费至少150美元。而且建立DAO的费用具有较大的浮动性，最终花费的价格=消耗的gasgas priceeth价格，第一个指标，DAO孵化器中可能会对每个模块进行定价，但是由于逻辑很复杂，每个人实际操作也不一定非常精确，但基本上范围可以预测；第二个指标取决于以太坊网络的拥挤程度；第三个指标取决于以太坊的价格。打工是不可能打工的，另类赛博组织DAO的脱畜指南， 无涯社区 2020-06-19 09:29发布在 链圈子自由职业者、数字游民对个人能力的要求又过于苛刻，而在高度社会化的情况下，大部分人再也无法单独创造价值，在不与其他人紧密协作的情况下是难以存活的。即使是自由职业者，也不得不去接更多的外包，被迫进行自我剥削，最终沦为社畜。DAO，即分布式自治组织，这是一个具备共同使命，将透明公开的规则写成程序自动执行，由每一个持有代币的成员自下而上集体决策，没有权力关系、没有老板压榨、没有 996，社区成员仍能积极协作的组织。DAO 能以软件的效率运行; 不需要开户，不需要与银行体系打交道； 无需注册组织，也不需要严格的架构； 制度以程序自动的执行，不可作伪； 管理资金非常方便。充分的激励 ... 甚至自我实现; 组织的价值在投票博弈中分配； 社区更看重互相的认可与馈赠（增发）。 可以在协同工作中扮演任意角色，且受到平等对待（无层级）。以合伙人的形式结为组织，以程序的形式执行规则，以代币的形式记录贡献，以投票的形式表达认同，以增发代币的形式互相馈赠，这将是一个公平的经济激励与个人价值实现相结合的理想组织。https://www.8btc.com/media/611286 如何在ARAGON上建立一个 DAO？如何通过 DAO 实现区块链治理， DAOSquare 2020-06-18 08:13比特币是第一个DAO。它在没有中央机构的情况下运行，由一个核心开发者团队维护。他们通过比特币改进提案（BIPs）对项目未来的发展方向进行决策建议，而这需要所有网络参与者（虽然主要是矿工和交易所）达成共识，才能对代码进行修改。DSaaS(DAO软件即服务)提供商将会越来越多，如OpenLaw、Aragon和DAOstack。他们旨在加速DAO这个类别的成熟发展。 它们将按需提供专业资源，如法律、会计和第三方审计，以提供合规服务。四年前曾将以太坊逼到鬼门关，如今它因Defi而重生， 洒脱喜 2020-06-16 07:50四年前，The DAO的横空出世，让世人第一次重视DAO（去中心化自治组织）的概念，而它的崩溃，也逼迫尚未成熟的以太坊在鬼门关走了一回。四年后的今天，随着Defi（去中心化金融）概念的兴起，与之相辅相成的DAO，又一次重回大众的视线，而这一次，它已褪去了过去那浮夸的外衣。所谓DAO，它允许分布在全球各地的成员，在信任最小化的情况下对提议发出投票，并进行最终决策。 这自然也离不开合同的概念，只不过DAO涉及到的合同，我们称之为智能合约，它们是用代码编写的数字协议，并且是由区块链网络强制执行，而非通过法院。今天，我们所熟知的Defi项目Maker，它的自治组织叫MakerDAO ，类似的DAO组织，还有Kyber的KyberDAO，Synthetix的SynthetixDAO等。 简单说，它们都是通过治理token，让参与者对协议的规则更改发起投票，从而实现去中心化的社区治理。MetaCartel Ventures（也称为Ventures DAO），则是一个盈利性的DAO，它与崩溃的The DAO属于同一个类型，其利用了Moloch V2智能合约，允许DAO以一种兼容的、链上的方式投资早期阶段的项目。Moloch：一个流行的共享DAO，其重点是通过赠款为以太坊开发提供资金，任何人都可以向这个Moloch DAO提交一个提案，并获得资金，而Vitalik Buterin和Joseph Lubin这两位以太坊联合创始人，相继为该DAO捐赠了1000 ETH我们看到的Compound、Maker、Kyber、Synthetix、balancer、Aave等Defi榜单上的常客，都相继推出了自己的治理代币，而它们涉及到的去中心化治理社区，便是一个DAO，这关系到参与者的利益，从而能够激励参与者进行投票。DAO：价值互联网的去中心化治理层， 真本聪RealSatoshi 2020-06-02为了拥有功能强大的 DAO，成员必须： 平等获得相同信息以进行决策， 进行偏好交易时应该有相同的费用， 他们的决策基于 DAO 的自身利益和最大利益（而不是基于强制或恐惧）一文纵览「赛博民主」去中心化自治组织DAO生态全景， 区块链资讯 2020-05-30DAO 最重要和基础的特征就是「去中心化」和「自治」。 「去中心化」 体现在，这是一个完全「代码为王」的组织，所有的日常运营都基于去中心化的基础设施-区块链上。所以它不是围绕高层或股东，也无法被某一个个体或组织掌控。 「自治」 体现在，它的日常运行都是经过编程并达到某个特定条件自动强制执行的。所以「xxx 拥有最终解释权」这种条款自然不复存在。我们大致把区块链的社区分为三大类： 1.咨询类社区：主要是为广大投资者和开发者提供行业资讯和深度分析的平台。 2.论坛类社区：主要是为提供行业技术讨论的平台，自媒体人、技术人员可以自由交流区块链中技术和经验。 3.DAO: 各类去中心化自治组织DAOstack：专注于为 DAOs 建立更大规模的协调平台，利用所谓的全息共识和预测市场来找出组织成员应该关注什么 (将注意力当作一种稀缺资源)。DAOstack 明确重视去中心化决策机制，该项目更加着重解决大规模去中心化决策的固有问题。Daostack 的治理模式则是采用一个叫 GEN 的 Token，GEN 的拥有者可以「推广」一项他们认为很重要的提案。由于在 Daostack 的算法中是加入了 GEN 的影响的，这使得被 GEN「推广」的提案会在 DAO 的投票中排在前面，从而更早更多地吸引 DAO 成员有效的注意力。Colony：数字公司平台，带有类似插件的协作和支付工具，可以被普通公司用来利用社区主导的 DAO 的一些优势。和 Aragon 基于组织相比，Colony 是基于网络的，更加开放，无边界。DAOSquare是一个通过DAO 运行的商业化创业项目，DAOSquare 发行了名为 RICE 的代币，映射公司的股权。们旨在建立一个全球化的网络，原因在于 1）社区的建立可以增加参与者的积极性。2）用地图化可视化的呈现方式，实现价值互联。成员通过质押 RICE 的方式获得 DAO 等额的 share，从而拥有 DAO 的治理权和分红权，其中，治理通过投票实施。同样，成员随时可以通过 Ragequit 退出，燃烧 DAO share，并赎回抵押的 RICE。一个成功的去中心化自治组织，必须具备以下这四点：（1）强大的开发团队；（2）优秀的代码和通证激励（2）社区共识的凝练高；（3）多元化并包容度高；（4）活跃度高。Aragon 将通过波卡实现其 Aragon Chain。Aragon 是为 DAO 而生的，这个项目更是受到以太坊社区基金会的资金和资源扶持。其要在波卡上建立新网络也体现它们对波卡的看好，也可能为其他以太上的明星项目做了一个示范：可以迁移到波卡网络上。DAO法律战，Aragon被他儿子告上了法庭， 真本聪RealSatoshi 2020-05-25Autark 曾经是 Aragon 的核心贡献者之一，该 Autark 这个项目主要由 Aragon 的生态系统赠款计划资助。现在，我们已经看到了很多相互矛盾的故事，并且感觉到双方可能都有责任。如何正确认识DAO通证？现在，无论是 Token 还是 DAO share，本质上都不是可信中性的。这是因为这两个系统在设计时可以保持可信中立，也可以完全忽略它。因此机制 (DAO share 或 token) 并不是重点，重点是设计和实现。Rocket 是另一个 DAO 项目的例子，随着时间的推移，这个 DAO 项目将越来越像一个 token，每个 DAO share 代表了 NFT 银行的所有权和每笔 NFT 贷款的潜在收入。遍历DAO（去中心化自治组织）发展历程， 头等仓 2020-02-25DAO已经从2016年的失败中走出很远的路了，但是仍然有一个实验性的特点，即它主要局限于区块链和加密货币领域。尽管如此，2019年对于DAO和DeFi(去中心化金融)来说都是重要的一年，因为其中一些DeFi项目本身就是DAO。MakerDAO可能是目前最大的DAO，它也是最大的DeFi项目之一。Aragon和MolochDAO是另外两个受欢迎的项目，主要专注于治理和融资。与DeFi一样，新的DAO项目7月18日讯，北京时间7月18日22时，基于以太坊的稳定币聚合协议mStable在Meta DEX平台完成其协议代币 MTA 的拍卖。 据悉，此次拍卖活动最后的结算价约为1.4美元，而根据mStable官方表示，拍卖所得的收益将转移至mStable Aragon DAO，并且只有在协议实现去中心化治理后才能使用。发布于 2020-08-14 14:23区块链(Blockchain)赞同 41 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录学学区块链区块链的读书笔记、摘录、区块链各细分领域研究
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dao buildersAragon AppNo-code platform to launch and manage your DAOdevelopersAragon OSxSmart contract framework to build custom DAOsDeveloper PortalGuides, resources and references to build with Aragon OSxlatest product announcementsAragon 2024: Looking ForwardAragon OSx UpdatesAragon OSx and the Aragon App Launch on ArbitrumOptimistic Dual GovernanceProject
aragon projectAbout AragonThe Aragon Project’s history, legacy and missionAragon X ScorecardTracking our progress towards building a resilient tech stack for DAOsProduct CouncilContinuing the mission in a product-focused structureCareersJoin us in building secure and flexible tools for DAOsANT Redemption PortalRedeem your ANT for ETHLatest Blog PostsKicking off the #TeamStaking Program with DappnodeAragon 2024: Looking ForwardAragon OSx UpdatesThe Token Holder's Guide to DelegationResources
EDUCATIONEducation PortalHow-to Guides for DAO BuildersVideo GuidesWatch our tutorials to learn what you can do with the Aragon AppsupportDAO ExpertsServices from ecosystem leadersDiscordJoin our Discord to get support and connect with other buildersLatest How-To GuidesHow to create a DAO on Arbitrum with the Aragon AppHow to update your Aragon DAOHow to manage NFTs from your DAOHow to delegate your voting powerDAO Builder Mini CourseEcosystemLaunch your DAODevelopersLaunch your DAODevelopersBuild Better, TogetherLaunch your DAO on the most user-friendly tech stack and experiment with governance at the speed of software.Launch your DAOWhat is a DAO?Aragon AppNEWDAO creation and management platform with no coding requiredLearn moreNo code setup. Mint and distribute tokens, authorize wallets for voting, and set governance parameters without writing a line of code.Governance made easy. Making proposals and casting votes is easy, so members can participate with no barriers to entry.One home for your DAO. Members can onboard to your DAO quickly because they'll find everything they need in your DAO Dashboard.Aragon ODS. Design a user-friendly, custom UI for your Aragon App with our Open Design System. Coming soonAragon OSxNEWModular protocol with security and flexibility at its coreLearn moreBuild custom DAOs with plugins. Build, install, upgrade, and uninstall plugins to customize governance and create adaptable organizations.Unlimited potential. The governance logic can be extended indefinitely, allowing for use cases we can't yet imagine today.Build your DAO with a few lines of code using the Aragon SDK.const createDaoParams: CreateDaoParams = { metadataUri, // DAO details ensSubdomain: "my-dao", // "my-dao.dao.eth" plugins: [tokenVotingPlugin] // DAO governance plugins};const newDao = aragonSDK.methods.createDao(createDaoParams);Play release video (>)+7,500DAOs Created+6 yearsBuilding DAO Frameworks+$27BIn Aragon DAOs1MissionLeading DAOs built on AragonLearn how reputable high TVL projects secure their treasury with AragonOS.Lido: Aragon Contract Secures Ethereum Liquid Staking ServiceLido provides a simple and secure way to earn rewards on the Ethereum Beacon Chain, without the need to run or maintain hardware...Read more ->LidoProtocol DAOVirtual World Decentraland Secures Treasury with Battle-Tested Aragon ClientDecentraland is a decentralized virtual world powered by the Ethereum blockchain and has used Aragon to build its DAO.Read more ->DecentralandMetaverseAPI3 Makes Web3 Data Exchange Trustless with Battle-tested aragonOSAPI3 provides a network of first-party oracles - run by data providers themselves - to connect any API to any on-chain smart contract.Read more ->API3Infrastructure DAOAavegotchi: We want to build crypto experiences together as a DAOWe’re going to explore how Aavegotchi got started, how they use Aragon to power their DAO, and what their future plans for the gaming protocol are.Read more ->AavegotchiMetaverse Gaming ProtocolBuild on a solid foundationThe Aragon Project was the first DAO framework to launch. We're still experimenting and iterating to enable the digital organizations of the future.Battle-testedOpen-sourceManifesto-basedBattle-testedAragon OS secures billions of dollars of value and has been in use for over five years. We prioritize security above all else, rigorous audits, and earning trust over time.Learn more about Aragon OS->Open-sourceWe've always built open-source software. Fork, remix, and build on top of our contracts. Check the GitHub ->Manifesto-basedAragon was born out of emergent social crises and failures of democracy. The fate of humanity will be decided at the frontier of technological innovation and human collaboration. We build tools for everyone to experiment with governance at the speed of software.Check the manifesto ->Why build organizations onchain?DecentralizedEliminate single points of failure by building on unstoppable networks.PermissionlessRemove barriers with globally accessible and non-discriminating infrastructure.TrustlessEnforce decisions with smart contracts, removing the need for human intervention.TransparentKeep an immutable record. Transactions are cryptographically verified, non-editable, and publicly accessible.Experiment with governance at the speed of softwareWe believe that everyone should have the tools in their hands to experiment with governance at the speed of software. We build with antifragility in mind, so you can adapt to our ever-changing world. Harness the power of permissionless, trustless technology that is future-proof to whatever is coming next.Learn more about Aragon ->Education PortalWhether you already have a community thousands-strong or are just a curious builder, there's no better time to get started. In this portal, you'll find guides ranging from how to set up your crypto wallet to how to distribute a governance token. Start Learning->What is a DAO?A Decentralized Autonomous Organization is an organization run with smart contracts on a public blockchain. Decentralized = Built on top of trustless, permissionless technology. Autonomous = Self-governing with smart contracts at the core. Organization = Actors coordinating to reach shared objectives.What is a DAO? ->Talk to an ExpertWe've partnered with ecosystem leaders from all verticals to help you build every aspect of your organization. You'll find vetted and verified experts in treasury management, onboarding, legal compliance, product development, and much more.DAO Experts->Start LearningRead the guides ->How to create a DAO on Arbitrum with the Aragon AppLearn how to launch a DAO on Arbitrum using the Aragon App.BlockchainAragon AppHow to update your Aragon DAOAccess optional security and feature updates for your DAO on the Aragon App GovernanceAragon AppHow to manage NFTs from your DAOLearn how to deposit and withdraw NFTs from the DAO’s treasury on the Aragon AppTokens & TreasuryAragon AppHow to delegate your voting powerAny address in a token-based DAO on the Aragon App can delegate their voting power.GovernanceAragon AppAragon BlogRead the blog ->Kicking off the #TeamStaking Program with DappnodeWe’re kicking off an internal #TeamStaking program in partnership with our long-time friends at Dappnode. February 14, 2024Aragon 2024: Looking ForwardWith a new CEO, a restructured team, and a plan to get back to doing what we do best – building innovative technology.January 31, 2024Aragon OSx UpdatesMake security and feature updates to the base contracts of your DAO by passing a proposal in the Aragon App. December 19, 2023The Token Holder's Guide to DelegationWe asked delegates across the industry to give advice to token holders. Here’s what they said. December 11, 2023The DAO Builder ExperienceCommunicate your digital product with simple interactions, and an auto-rotation script for webflow tabs.No code setupGovernance, your wayA simple homebaseClone our high quality componentsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec a ex porttitor, elementum augue eget, molestie erat. Get StartedBuild better with guides & education.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec a ex porttitor, elementum augue eget, molestie erat. Get StartedShop PremiumProductsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec a ex porttitor, elementum augue eget, molestie erat. Get StartedThe Eagle NewsletterOne place for the Aragon community to receive news on the ecosystem. Delivered every Friday.Aragon AppAragon OSxDeveloper PortalAragon ClientLegacyEducation PortalDAO ExpertsAragon BlogAragon DocsLegacyAragon Network Token (ANT)About AragonProduct CouncilCareersEcosystemPressBrand Assets
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5分钟了解 Aragon
链求君
更新于 2020-07-22 15:59
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Aragon Network 希望通过区块链技术改善我们的工作方式，创建有效的去中心化组织和数字法院。
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Aragon 希望通过区块链技术改善我们的工作方式，创建有效的去中心化组织和数字法院。
```
# 什么是 Aragon Network ？
人类喜欢一起工作。多年来，我们建立了无数的组织，使我们所有人彼此协作。实际上，几乎没有人能称自己为独狼。问题是：组织人是一项昂贵的工作。公司每年留出数十亿美元用于管理费用。决策会产生摩擦成本。没有总体架构，文件可能会重复或丢失；项目被推迟；有时双方要花费数年的时间才能解决争端。Aragon Network 认为他们找到了解决方案。
# 什么是 Aragon ？
Aragon使用区块链来提高公司和组织的效率和透明度。公司可以使用Aragon彼此签署智能合约协议。然后可以将它们安全地存储在区块链上，以供任何一方在需要时访问。Aragon喜欢视自己为数字司法管辖区。该网络正在创建一个去中心化的结算系统，该系统可用于在相关各方之间快速有效地进行仲裁。该平台具有自己的Token 令牌 Aragon Network Token - 简称“ANT” - 用于支付费用，并托管在第三方中以提供激励给良好诚实的用户行为。
# 谁创造了Aragon ？
Aragon Network是Luis Cuende和Jorge Izquierdo的创意。Cuende之前曾帮助在区块链上建立时间戳技术，还与Microsoft，Telefonica和爱沙尼亚政府等公司合作。伊兹奎尔多（Izquierdo）15岁时获得了苹果奖学金。Aragon目前由Aragon基金会（Aragon Foundation）管理，该基金会是一个致力于建立和推广网络的非营利组织。
阿拉贡（Aragon）这个名字来自两位创始人共同成长的西班牙地区。它不是以《指环王》角色命名的；那只是一个巧合。
# Aragon 简史
2017年2月 - Aragon Network 诞生。
2017年5月 - Aragon推出其ICO。
2017年6月 - Aragon 与去中心化交易平台0x签署了合作伙伴协议。
2018年2月 - Aragon Architect 推出，这是公司在平台上构建自己的个人资料的一种方式。
2019年 - Aragon 成为全球最负盛名的 DAO 解决方案服务商。
2020年7月 - Aragon China 成立了， 共同构建 Aragon 的东方生态。
# Aragon 有什么特别之处？
**安全性** - 用户需要先抵押Aragon代币，然后才能帮助其参与网络。这有助于创建一个诚实开放的生态系统，并使智能合约具有可执行性。由于不良或不诚实的行为，代币将被没收。
**简洁性**-Aragon的智能合约必须易于阅读。这使技术知识很少的用户可以有效地使用该平台。
**稳定性**-加密货币是易变资产。作为抵押品的金额最终可能会变得比最初存入时少很多。Aragon代币保持稳定的价值。该网络可以回购代币以保持价格浮动，也可以出售以阻止币值升得过高。
**隐私**-Aragon上的用户无需泄露私人或机密信息。这使人们能够维护与个人身份的同时关联不同的单独的区块链身份，可用于制定协议和开展业务。
# Aragon代币如何生产？
Aragon团队最初铸造了将近4000万个ANT代币，在ICO中出售了其中的70％。Aragon基于以太坊网络，所以这些是ERC20代币。网络完全启动并运行后，计划将根据社区的需求铸造或销毁代币。而这些决定将会由Aragon用户自己决定。
阿拉贡（Aragon）的ICO最初定于6月中旬运行，但这一时间被缩短了。该项目在不到15分钟的时间内达到了2500万美元的高峰。
# Aragon如何运作？
**智能合约**-Aragon使用智能合约；就像其他协议一样，它们是协议。最大的区别是它们自动实现的。他们可以自主执行交易。合同将资金托管在托管机构中，只要部分协议得到满足，它们便可以自动支付。
**预言机**-需要将人类可读的合同和现实事件转换为区块链可以理解的数据。Aragon使用预言机使平台上持有的协议能够响应实际操作。
**去中心治理**-在Aragon网络中，没有集中式的权力来做出决定并执行裁决。用户作为分散的自治组织或DAO的一部分来管理自己。这使他们能够通过简单的共识解决分歧。
**权力下放**-每当发生纠纷时，网络都会任命一个该案的陪审员。双方将提供证据，然后陪审员将作出决定，就像在真正的法院中一样。双方均有权对该决定提出上诉；如果获得批准，将把案件提交上级法院。
# 你可以使用Aragon代币（ANT）做什么？
Aragon令牌用作平台上达成的协议的抵押。它们还用于支付因使用网络而产生的费用和成本。参与网络治理的陪审员和用户在ANT方面的时间投入和专业知识也将获得补偿。
# Aragon China 诞生
Aragon China 2020年7月正式成立，Aragon China将和DAOSquare联手推进DAO在中国的发展。Aragon的成功将完全取决于有多少企业开始使用它。如果它被证明很受欢迎，它将构成一种全新的模型的基础，以使公司能够相互组织和交互，如今Aragon 在中国的发展势必让人充满期待。
# 了解更多
- [Aragon](https://aragon.org/)
- [Aragon China DAO](http://dao.aragonchina.xyz)
- [ANT](https://aragon.org/token/ant)
Aragon 希望通过区块链技术改善我们的工作方式，创建有效的去中心化组织和数字法院。
什么是 Aragon Network ？
人类喜欢一起工作。多年来，我们建立了无数的组织，使我们所有人彼此协作。实际上，几乎没有人能称自己为独狼。问题是：组织人是一项昂贵的工作。公司每年留出数十亿美元用于管理费用。决策会产生摩擦成本。没有总体架构，文件可能会重复或丢失；项目被推迟；有时双方要花费数年的时间才能解决争端。Aragon Network 认为他们找到了解决方案。
什么是 Aragon ？
Aragon使用区块链来提高公司和组织的效率和透明度。公司可以使用Aragon彼此签署智能合约协议。然后可以将它们安全地存储在区块链上，以供任何一方在需要时访问。Aragon喜欢视自己为数字司法管辖区。该网络正在创建一个去中心化的结算系统，该系统可用于在相关各方之间快速有效地进行仲裁。该平台具有自己的Token 令牌 Aragon Network Token - 简称“ANT” - 用于支付费用，并托管在第三方中以提供激励给良好诚实的用户行为。
谁创造了Aragon ？
Aragon Network是Luis Cuende和Jorge Izquierdo的创意。Cuende之前曾帮助在区块链上建立时间戳技术，还与Microsoft，Telefonica和爱沙尼亚政府等公司合作。伊兹奎尔多（Izquierdo）15岁时获得了苹果奖学金。Aragon目前由Aragon基金会（Aragon Foundation）管理，该基金会是一个致力于建立和推广网络的非营利组织。
阿拉贡（Aragon）这个名字来自两位创始人共同成长的西班牙地区。它不是以《指环王》角色命名的；那只是一个巧合。
Aragon 简史
2017年2月 - Aragon Network 诞生。
2017年5月 - Aragon推出其ICO。
2017年6月 - Aragon 与去中心化交易平台0x签署了合作伙伴协议。
2018年2月 - Aragon Architect 推出，这是公司在平台上构建自己的个人资料的一种方式。
2019年 - Aragon 成为全球最负盛名的 DAO 解决方案服务商。
2020年7月 - Aragon China 成立了， 共同构建 Aragon 的东方生态。
Aragon 有什么特别之处？
安全性 - 用户需要先抵押Aragon代币，然后才能帮助其参与网络。这有助于创建一个诚实开放的生态系统，并使智能合约具有可执行性。由于不良或不诚实的行为，代币将被没收。
简洁性-Aragon的智能合约必须易于阅读。这使技术知识很少的用户可以有效地使用该平台。
稳定性-加密货币是易变资产。作为抵押品的金额最终可能会变得比最初存入时少很多。Aragon代币保持稳定的价值。该网络可以回购代币以保持价格浮动，也可以出售以阻止币值升得过高。
隐私-Aragon上的用户无需泄露私人或机密信息。这使人们能够维护与个人身份的同时关联不同的单独的区块链身份，可用于制定协议和开展业务。
Aragon代币如何生产？
Aragon团队最初铸造了将近4000万个ANT代币，在ICO中出售了其中的70％。Aragon基于以太坊网络，所以这些是ERC20代币。网络完全启动并运行后，计划将根据社区的需求铸造或销毁代币。而这些决定将会由Aragon用户自己决定。
阿拉贡（Aragon）的ICO最初定于6月中旬运行，但这一时间被缩短了。该项目在不到15分钟的时间内达到了2500万美元的高峰。
Aragon如何运作？
智能合约-Aragon使用智能合约；就像其他协议一样，它们是协议。最大的区别是它们自动实现的。他们可以自主执行交易。合同将资金托管在托管机构中，只要部分协议得到满足，它们便可以自动支付。
预言机-需要将人类可读的合同和现实事件转换为区块链可以理解的数据。Aragon使用预言机使平台上持有的协议能够响应实际操作。
去中心治理-在Aragon网络中，没有集中式的权力来做出决定并执行裁决。用户作为分散的自治组织或DAO的一部分来管理自己。这使他们能够通过简单的共识解决分歧。
权力下放-每当发生纠纷时，网络都会任命一个该案的陪审员。双方将提供证据，然后陪审员将作出决定，就像在真正的法院中一样。双方均有权对该决定提出上诉；如果获得批准，将把案件提交上级法院。
你可以使用Aragon代币（ANT）做什么？
Aragon令牌用作平台上达成的协议的抵押。它们还用于支付因使用网络而产生的费用和成本。参与网络治理的陪审员和用户在ANT方面的时间投入和专业知识也将获得补偿。
Aragon China 诞生
Aragon China 2020年7月正式成立，Aragon China将和DAOSquare联手推进DAO在中国的发展。Aragon的成功将完全取决于有多少企业开始使用它。如果它被证明很受欢迎，它将构成一种全新的模型的基础，以使公司能够相互组织和交互，如今Aragon 在中国的发展势必让人充满期待。
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Aragon
Aragon China DAO
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分类: 去中心化应用
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Aragón: what to see. The best tourism plans | spain.info
Aragón: what to see. The best tourism plans | spain.info
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Aragón
Alquezar, Huesca
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Comarca de Somontano. PNSCG
Aragón
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Destinations
It's always a pleasure to visit these lands which saw the birth of the renowned painter Francisco de Goya, where enticements include skiing in its famous ski resorts and sampling the typical gastronomy of this region.
If you’re a culture lover, you’ll be able to visit monasteries, castles, the various examples of Mudejar architecture with the UNESCO World Heritage designation, and monuments such as the Basilica of Nuestra Señora del Pilar. What's more, this area of Spain also lies on the famous pilgrim route known as the Way of Saint James.
Its natural attractions include such spectacular places as the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park (ideal for adventure sports in the open air) and the Pyrenean area, the perfect place for skiing in first-rate ski resorts such as Candanchú and Formigal.The local gastronomy features wines with their own Designation of Origin from the Somontano area, garden produce such as borage from the fertile Ebro plain, and the famous cured ham from Teruel.
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Sociedad de Promoción y Gestión del Turismo Aragonés, S.L.U (Society for the Promotion and Management of Aragonese Tourism)
Plaza de España, 1
50004
Aragón Tourist Boardturismodearagon@aragon.es
+34 976 282 181 (ext. 2)
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Get to know the provinces of Aragón
Huesca (Province)
Teruel (Province)
Zaragoza (Province)
Huesca (Province)
It is also perfect for adventure sports in spring and autumn. The province of Huesca also has a range of other outstanding natural attractions such as the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, declared…
Read more
Teruel (Province)
It is located in central Spain, in the south of the Aragon region. The province is home to notable examples of Mudejar architecture, particularly in the city of Teruel, the capital of the province.…
Read more
Zaragoza (Province)
Located in the region of Aragon in the northeast of the interior of Spain. The province is traversed by the Ebro river, and thus has a very diverse landscape with particularly attractive spaces such as…
Read more
Huesca (Province)
Teruel (Province)
Zaragoza (Province)
Where to go
Places not to be missed
Mudejar architecture in Aragon
The symbiosis of techniques and ways of understanding…
Santa María de Mediavilla Cathedral
The tower, the roof and the dome all form part of UNESCO's World…
Piedra Monastery
Piedra Monastery is located in one of the most barren areas of…
Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
To the north of Huesca, in the Aragonese Pyrenees, aficionados of…
The House of Goya’s Birth and the Museum of Etchings
A permanent collection of etchings by this brilliant painter is…
The Seo, or Cathedral of San Salvador
The monument has undergone a series of transformations in a wide…
San Juan de la Peña Monastery
The monastery consists of two buildings, the New Monastery,…
Aljafería Palace
It was built as a place of leisure.…
Nuestra Señora del Pilar Basilica
A jewel of Baroque art. Built between the 17th and 18th centuries.…
What to do
Other ideas for your trip
Cinco Villas, a shared history
North of the city of Zaragoza, history and nature await you in the centuries-old Cinco Villas.…
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Discover the Aragonese Pyrenees – without the snow
Some of the highest mountains in Europe are to be found here, with more than 180 reaching over 3,000 metres and creating a series of stunning landscapes that’ll…
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George Orwell route in Aragón
Aragón, a region filled with cultural heritage, natural spaces and charming towns and villages.…
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The Pyrenees, nature at its peak
The Pyrenees stretch more than 400 kilometres between Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia.…
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Turismo de Aragón
Discover the Aragonese Pyrenees – without the snow
Some of the highest mountains in Europe are to be found here,…
George Orwell route in Aragón
Aragón, a region filled with cultural heritage, natural spaces…
The Pyrenees, nature at its peak
The Pyrenees stretch more than 400 kilometres between Navarre,…
Cinco Villas, a shared history
North of the city of Zaragoza, history and nature await you in…
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Kingdom of Aragon | medieval kingdom, Spain | Britannica
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Kingdom of Aragon
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Kingdom of Aragon
medieval kingdom, Spain
Learn about this topic in these articles:Assorted Referencesmajor reference In Aragon: History…roughly coextensive with the historical kingdom of Aragon. This principality had its origins in 1035, when Sancho III (the Great) of Navarre left to his third son, Ramiro I, the small Pyrenean county of Aragon and established it as an independent kingdom. To this mountain domain Ramiro added the counties…
Read Morecoinage In coin: Spain…VI (1065–1109), and that of Aragon under Sancho Ramírez (1063–94). Among the earliest gold was that of Alfonso VIII of Castile (1158–1214), copying an Arab gold dinar but with Christian professions in its Arabic script. Gold portrait doblas appeared under Sancho IV of Castile and León in the 13th century,…
Read Morecreation by Sancho III Garcés In Sancho III GarcésSancho created the kingdom of Aragon and was responsible for the elevation of Castile from county to kingdom, though he transferred some Castilian territory to Pamplona, which he left to his eldest son, García III (or IV).
Read Morerule of the Two Sicilies In Kingdom of the Two Sicilies…on the mainland and the Aragonese (Spanish) dynasty on the island, both of which claimed the title of king of Sicily. In 1443 Alfonso V of Aragon, on reuniting the two portions, took the title of rex Utriusque Siciliae (king of the Two Sicilies). This title was sometimes used during…
Read Morehistory ofFrance In France: Foreign relations…1281–85) excommunicated the king of Aragon and offered the vacant throne to Philip for one of his sons. Because at this juncture the crown of Navarra was destined for Philip’s son and successor, Philip the Fair, the whole Spanish March seemed ripe for recovery by the French. Yet the Crusade…
Read MoreItaly In Italy: The end of Hohenstaufen rule…under the rule of the Aragonese.
Read More In Italy: The southern kingdoms and the Papal States…of the royal house of Aragon. This house, in rebellion against papal claims of suzerainty and engaged in constant war with the Kingdom of Naples, went through a pattern of monarchical weakness and economic decline similar to that shown by the Angevins of Naples. In Hohenstaufen and early Aragonese Sicily,…
Read More In Italy: The southern monarchies and the Papal States…the south, Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58) used the island kingdom of Sicily mainly as a base for his conquest of Naples. Thereafter Sicily was governed by viceroys who subjected its interests to those of Aragon, which became part of Spain in 1479. Examples of Sicily’s incorporation into the Spanish…
Read MoreReconquista In ReconquistaSancho created the kingdom of Aragon in 1035, and his successors there pursued the Christian reclamation of the peninsula in earnest. Alfonso I of Aragon captured the former Moorish capital of Zaragoza in 1118. In 1179 Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile
Read More In ReconquistaSupported by the armies of Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, Castilian forces routed the Almohad emir of Morocco, Muḥammad al-Nāṣir, at Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16, 1212) and so removed the last serious Islamic threat to Christian hegemony in Spain. The way was now open to the conquest of Andalusia
Read More In Reconquista…same period, James I of Aragon completed Aragon’s part in the Reconquest. After occupying the Balearics (1235), he captured Valencia (1238). Unlike Ferdinand, James carefully worked to preserve the agricultural economy of the Moors and so established the final peninsular frontiers of Aragon. In Portugal, Afonso III captured Faro (1249),…
Read More In ReconquistaThe kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal spent the next century consolidating their holdings, until the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the Spanish crown. The Catholic Monarchs, as Ferdinand and Isabella came to be known, completed the conquest of…
Read MoreSpain In Spain: Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260of Portugal, Navarre (Navarra), and Aragon-Catalonia (Spanish: Cataluña; Catalan: Catalunya), whose frontiers began to be delineated in the 11th and 12th centuries, repudiated and often undermined the aspirations of their larger neighbour. The Reconquista was nearly completed by the middle of the 13th century, by which time the Muslims retained…
Read More In Spain: Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479 In the late Middle Ages the Crown of Aragon experienced a confrontation between the monarchy and the nobility similar to that which occurred in neighbouring Castile. As Roman law and its practitioners gained in influence, there were protests in both…
Read Morereign ofAlfonso V In Alfonso V…27, 1458, Naples), king of Aragon (1416–58) and king of Naples (as Alfonso I, 1442–58), whose military campaigns in Italy and elsewhere in the central Mediterranean made him one of the most famous men of his day. After conquering Naples, he transferred his court there.
Read MoreFerdinand II In Ferdinand II: Marriage to Isabella and unification of Spain…princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought…
Read MoreIsabella I In Isabella I…of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus under Isabella’s…
Read MoreRamon Berenguer IV In Ramon Berenguer IVThe kingdom of Aragon soon sought Ramon Berenguer IV’s aid against Castile. In the course of their negotiations, he was promised the hand of the Aragonese king Ramiro II’s daughter and heir, Petronila (Peronella); they were married on Aug. 11, 1137, and a few months later…
Read Moreunion withBarcelona In Alfonso II…from 1162 and king of Aragon from 1164.
Read MoreCastile In Spain: The union of Aragon and Castile When Ferdinand II (1479–1516; also known as Ferdinand V of Castile from 1474) succeeded to the Crown of Aragon in 1479, the union of Aragon (roughly eastern Spain) and Castile (roughly western Spain) was finally achieved, and the Trastámara became the second…
Read MoreCatalonia In Catalonia: Catalonia from ancient Rome to the War of the Spanish Succession…betrothed to Petronila, queen of Aragon, Catalonia and Aragon were united under the same ruler. Catalonia monopolized trade in the western Mediterranean in the 13th and 14th centuries, and Catalan interests dominated the union with Aragon until 1410, when the male line of the counts of Barcelona became extinct. Dissatisfaction…
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Aragón travel - Lonely Planet | Spain, Europe
ón travel - Lonely Planet | Spain, EuropeSearch My trips Saves eLibraryAccount settingsSign outDestinationsBest in TravelFeaturedAfricaAntarcticaAsiaCaribbean IslandsCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaPacificSouth AmericaSee all DestinationsPlanningTrip planning toolsFeaturedPlan with local expertsBudget your tripBook tours and activitiesSee all PlanningStoriesLonely Planet NewsletterFeaturedAdventure TravelArt and CultureBeaches, Coasts and IslandsFamily HolidaysFestivalsFood and DrinkHoneymoon and RomanceRoad TripsSustainable TravelTravel on a BudgetWildlife and NatureSee all StoriesShopNew Book ReleasesFeaturedDestination guidesPictorial & giftsPhrasebooksLonely Planet KidsSee all ShopAragón Back to topGetty Images/Westend61AragónSpain,EuropeProbably Spain's most underrated region, Aragón offers riches wherever you travel, from the crusader-like castles and Romanesque churches of the north to the outstanding Mudéjar architecture of Teruel in the south. The regional capital, Zaragoza, is a major Spanish city of ebullient nightlife and absorbing culture (not least the work of local artistic genius Francisco de Goya), while dozens of picturesque medieval villages dot the serrated landscape, from pink-hued Albarracín to stone-clothed Sos del Rey Católico. But above all, what sets Aragón apart is the majesty of the central Pyrenees along its northern fringe. This is the highest and, for many, most beautiful section of the mighty mountain range – a rare delight for the eyes and a massive natural adventure playground with not only Spain's finest hiking and climbing but also much of its best skiing, canyoning, rafting and paragliding.Leave the planning to a local expertExperience the real Aragón. Let a local expert handle the planning for you.Get startedAttractionsMust-see attractionsBasílica de Nuestra Señora del PilarZaragozaThis great baroque cavern of Catholicism stands on the site where, the faithful believe, the Virgin Mary appeared to Santiago (St James the Apostle) atop…Monasterio de San Juan de la PeñaAragónThe road from Santa Cruz winds 7km up to the 10th-century Monasterio Viejo, tucked protectively under an overhanging lip of rock. A fire in 1675 led the…AljaferíaZaragozaThe Aljafería is Spain's finest Islamic-era edifice outside Andalucía. Built as a fortified palace for Zaragoza's Islamic rulers in the 11th century, it…Iglesia de San Pedro El ViejoAragónSan Pedro is one of the oldest and most important Romanesque churches in Spain, dating from the early 12th century. Its open cloister is adorned with 38…Fundación AmantesAragónTeruel's most popular attraction pulls out the stops on the city's famous legend of the tragic 13th-century lovers (amantes) Isabel and Juan Diego. The…Museo del Teatro de CaesaraugustaZaragozaThe finest in Zaragoza's quartet of Roman museums was discovered during excavation of a building site in 1972. Great efforts, including an entertaining 15…Museo GoyaZaragozaApart from Madrid’s Museo del Prado, this exceedingly well-laid-out museum contains arguably the best exposé of the work of one of Spain’s greatest…Catedral de Santa MaríaAragónThis Gothic cathedral is one of Aragón's great surprises. The richly carved main portal dates from 1300, and the attached Museo Diocesano contains the…View more attractionsView more attractionsPlan with a localExperience the real SpainLet a local expert craft your dream trip.Get startedArticlesLatest stories from AragónRead more articlesFilter by interest:All InterestsAdventure TravelArt & CultureBeaches, Coasts & IslandsFood & Drink All Interests Adventure Travel Art & Culture Beaches, Coasts & Islands Food & DrinkArtAragón: the villages time forgotJun 27, 2011 • 3 min readAmid the clamour of modern Spain, a world away from the Spanish stereotype of sun, sand and sangria, the stone-built pueblos (villages) of Aragón move to…Read more articlesGuidebooksPurchase our award-winning guidebooksGet to the heart of Aragón with one of our in-depth,
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